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Cited by 35Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNutritional Studies and Diet

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 212 of the 213 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.

The Role of Genetic, Environmental, and Dietary Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review

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Mertaş, Beyza, Boşgelmez, İ. İpek·2025·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms26031222PMC PMC11818526
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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common and severe forms of dementia and neurodegenerative disease. As life expectancy increases in line with developments in medicine, the elderly population is projected to increase in the next few decades; therefore, an increase in the prevalence of some diseases, such as AD, is also expected. As a result, until a radical treatment becomes available, AD is expected to be more frequently recorded as one of the top causes of death worldwide. Given the current lack of a cure for AD, and the only treatments available being ones that alleviate major symptoms, the identification of contributing factors that influence disease incidence is crucial. In this context, genetic and/or epigenetic factors, mainly environmental, disease-related, dietary, or combinations/interactions of these factors, are assessed. In this review, we conducted a literature search focusing on environmental factors such as air pollution, toxic elements, pesticides, and infectious agents, as well as dietary factors including various diets, vitamin D deficiency, social factors (e.g., tobacco and alcohol use), and variables that are affected by both environmental and genetic factors, such as dietary behavior and gut microbiota. We also evaluated studies on the beneficial effects of antibiotics and diets, such as the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) and Mediterranean diets.

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Crossref · 10.3390/ijms26031222

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212 of 213 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Figures

Figure 1 A brief history of Alzheimer’s disease [6,7].
Figure 1 A brief history of Alzheimer’s disease [6,7].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 (a) Distribution of the top 25 “Web of Science Categories” within the published items related to the term “Alzheimer’s disease” in the tree map, as of 21 December 2024. The distribution of “Web of Science Categories” within the published items on this topic. (b) The number of publications in “Web of Science” between 2000 and 2024 per year related to the search term “Alzheimer’s disease”.
Figure 2 (a) Distribution of the top 25 “Web of Science Categories” within the published items related to the term “Alzheimer’s disease” in the tree map, as of 21 December 2024. The distribution of “Web of Science Categories” within the published items on this topic. (b) The number of publications in “Web of Science” between 2000 and 2024 per year related to the search term “Alzheimer’s disease”.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Global prevalence, currently known risk factors, and staging of Alzheimer’s disease [2,13,18]. The genes associated with AD include apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), clusterin (CLU), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), sortilin-related receptor (SORL1), ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 7 (ABCA7), complement receptor type 1 (CR1), phospholipase D3 (PLD3), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2).
Figure 3 Global prevalence, currently known risk factors, and staging of Alzheimer’s disease [2,13,18]. The genes associated with AD include apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), clusterin (CLU), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), sortilin-related receptor (SORL1), ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 7 (ABCA7), complement receptor type 1 (CR1), phospholipase D3 (PLD3), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Currently known protective dietary factors such as flavonoids, probiotics, and vitamin D acting on the enhancement of brain resilience and the prevention or inhibition of AD initiation and progression, and the emerging pollutants of the “AD exposome”.
Figure 4 Currently known protective dietary factors such as flavonoids, probiotics, and vitamin D acting on the enhancement of brain resilience and the prevention or inhibition of AD initiation and progression, and the emerging pollutants of the “AD exposome”.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Kiani, L., and Hodson, R. (2024, December 09). Nature Milestones. The History of Alzheimer’s Disease (1906–2024), Available online: https://www.nature.com/immersive/alzheimers-disease-history/index.html.
  2. 1973, A New Evolutionary Law, Evol. Theory, 1, 1
  3. Connor, R.F. (2024). Treatment of Alzheimer disease. UpToDate, Wolters Kluwer. Available online: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-alzheimer-disease?csi=34c234ee-1379-44b0-8d8f-998329f9c1a3&source=contentShare.

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Metadata

Authors
Mertaş, B., & Boşgelmez, İ. İ.
Affiliations
  • Düzce Üniversitesi (TR)
  • Erciyes University (TR)
Corresponding author
Boşgelmez, İ. İpek
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-01-30
Volume
26
Issue
3
Pages
1222
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms26031222
PMC
PMC11818526
OpenAlex
W4406986281
Cited by
35
References
212
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 14
FWCI
6.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Erciyes University - AVESIS (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, genetic risk factors, epigenetics, environmental risk factors, dietary factors, air pollution, toxic elements, pesticides, infectious agents, vitamin D deficiency, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, gut microbiota, dietary behavior, antibiotics, MIND diet, Mediterranean diet, DASH diet, dementia
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Diet, Environment, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Risk Factors, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Diet, Mediterranean, Epigenesis, Genetic, Gene-Environment Interaction

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