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Cited by 189Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare StudiesInformation and Cyber SecurityNetwork Security and Intrusion Detection

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Cyber-Security Challenges in Aviation Industry: A Review of Current and Future Trends

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Ukwandu, Elochukwu, Ben-Farah, Mohamed Amine, Hindy, Hanan, Bures, Miroslav, Atkinson, Robert, Tachtatzis, Christos, Andonovic, Ivan, Bellekens, Xavier·2022·Information
DOI 10.3390/info13030146
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Abstract

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools into mechanical devices in routine use within the aviation industry has heightened cyber-security concerns. The extent of the inherent vulnerabilities in the software tools that drive these systems escalates as the level of integration increases. Moreover, these concerns are becoming even more acute as the migration within the industry in the deployment of electronic-enabled aircraft and smart airports gathers pace. A review of cyber-security attacks and attack surfaces within the aviation sector over the last 20 years provides a mapping of the trends and insights that are of value in informing on future frameworks to protect the evolution of a key industry. The goal is to identify common threat actors, their motivations, attacks types and map the vulnerabilities within aviation infrastructures most commonly subject to persistent attack campaigns. The analyses will enable an improved understanding of both the current and potential future cyber-security protection provisions for the sector. Evidence is provided that the main threats to the industry arise from Advance Persistent Threat (APT) groups that operate, in collaboration with a particular state actor, to steal intellectual property and intelligence in order to advance their domestic aerospace capabilities as well as monitor, infiltrate and subvert other sovereign nations’ capabilities. A segment of the aviation industry commonly attacked is the Information Technology (IT) infrastructure, the most prominent type of attack being malicious hacking with intent to gain unauthorised access. The analysis of the range of attack surfaces and the existing threat dynamics has been used as a foundation to predict future cyber-attack trends. The insights arising from the review will support the future definition and implementation of proactive measures that protect critical infrastructures against cyber-incidents that damage the confidence of customers in a key service-oriented industry.

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Metadata

Authors
Ukwandu, E., Ben-Farah, M. A., Hindy, H., Bures, M., Atkinson, R., Tachtatzis, C., Andonovic, I., & Bellekens, X.
Affiliations
  • Cardiff Metropolitan University (GB)
  • Department of Networks and Cyber Security, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B5 5JU, UK
  • Ain Shams University (EG)
  • Department of Computer Science, FEE, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 36 Prague, Czech Republic
  • University of Strathclyde (GB)
  • Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
  • Lupovis Limited, Glasgow G2 2BA, UK
Corresponding author
Bellekens, Xavier
ORCID
Venue
Information
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-03-10
Volume
13
Issue
3
Pages
146
ISSN
2078-2489 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/info13030146
OpenAlex
W3181288465
Cited by
189
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 48 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14
FWCI
75.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Information (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (acceptedVersion)
  • BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University) (acceptedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
European Commission (833673)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Keywords
cybersecurity, airline industry, cyberattacks, attack surface, advanced persistent threats, state-sponsored hacking, smart airports, critical infrastructure protection, threat actors, intellectual property theft, IT infrastructure security

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