The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Incremental Demise of Urban Green Spaces
Open accessAbstract
More precise explanations are needed to better understand why public green spaces are diminishing in cities, leading to the loss of ecosystem services that humans receive from natural systems. This paper is devoted to the incremental change of green spaces—a fate that is largely undetectable by urban residents. The paper elucidates a set of drivers resulting in the subtle loss of urban green spaces and elaborates on the consequences of this for resilience planning of ecosystem services. Incremental changes of greenspace trigger baseline shifts, where each generation of humans tends to take the current condition of an ecosystem as the normal state, disregarding its previous states. Even well-intended political land-use decisions, such as current privatization schemes, can cumulatively result in undesirable societal outcomes, leading to a gradual loss of opportunities for nature experience. Alfred E. Kahn referred to such decision making as ‘the tyranny of small decisions.’ This is mirrored in urban planning as problems that are dealt with in an ad hoc manner with no officially formulated vision for long-term spatial planning. Urban common property systems could provide interim solutions for local governments to survive periods of fiscal shortfalls. Transfer of proprietor rights to civil society groups can enhance the resilience of ecosystem services in cities.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Smart cities and sustainable cities are divergent on many aspects and hence not necessarily synonymous with each other”
From Environmentally sustainable smart cities and their converging AI, IoT, and big data technologies and solutions: an integrated approach to an extensive literature review (2023) · cites this paper as Colding et al. 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance
North, D. C. (1990) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808678 · Cited by 32,691
Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems
Holling, C. S. (1973) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245 · Cited by 18,995
Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity
Fahrig, L. (2003) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419 · Cited by 7,879
Collective action and the evolution of social norms.
Ostrom, E. (2000) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.14.3.137 · Cited by 4,195
Korcelli-Olejniczak, E. (2017) · RCIN (Digital Repository of the Scientifics Institutes) (Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences) · Cited by 3,244
Wirth, L. (1938) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/217913 · Cited by 2,995
Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience
Miller, J. R. (2005) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.013 · Cited by 1,412
Crafting Institutions for Self-Governing Irrigation Systems
Остром, Э. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,084
Navigating Social-Ecological Systems
(2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511541957 · Cited by 1,082
Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action
Ostrom, E. (2015) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316423936 · Cited by 965
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Hanna, S., Folke, C., and Mäler, K.-G. (1996). Property Rights and the Natural Environment. Rights to Nature: Ecological, Economic, Cultural, and Political Principles of Institutions for the Environment, Island Press.
- Anderson, 2008, A business improvement district for a park? Hey, it just might work, Villager, 78, 14
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–126 of 126
Declining Urban Greenery in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria
Idris, H. A. (2022) · AFRIGIST JOURNAL OF LAND ADMINISTRATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT · doi:10.54222/afrigist/ajlaem/v2i1.1 · Cited by 1
Mohidin, H. H. B., & Ming, N. Y. (2023) · PLANNING MALAYSIA · doi:10.21837/pm.v21i30.1414 · Cited by 1
Idie, A., Maturbongs, R. A., Tanujaya, B., & Marwa, J. (2024) · GSC Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.1.0020 · Cited by 1
The research on dynamic changes of urban green spaces in Wuhan at a local scale
Wang, Y., Meng, X., Wu, K., & Gao, W. (2021) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/787/1/012072
Urban Agroecology for Food Sovereignty and Biodiversity
Giancola, H. L. (2021) · doi:10.31979/etd.jtr9-4gte
Wordsworth's View of Nature: Return to nature and Find Psychological Well-being
Liu, N. (2023) · Advances in Education Humanities and Social Science Research · doi:10.56028/aehssr.5.1.350.2023
Safo, L. K. A., Safo, A.-R., Nti, E. K., & Liwur, S. B. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4665818
The expediency of preserving ancient and large trees in cities
Melnyk, Y. Y., Бондар, О. Б., & Головатюк, Л. М. (2023) · doi:10.30525/978-9934-26-384-2-17
Liu, J., & Gatzweiler, F. W. (2024) · Urban health and wellbeing · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6694-3_1
Exploring multi-faceted accessibility of urban greenspaces
Lim, A. Y. M. (2023) · doi:10.32657/10356/174054
Rethinking Sustainability in Urban Areas: São Paulo, London, BerlinPreprint
Cowley, R., Costa, S., & Kon, F. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4780408
Nature play in early childhood leads to great and varied language productionPreprint
Prins, J., van der Veen, C., & Meeter, M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4730709/v1
Scoping review of wellbeing research in low- and middle-income countries’ secondary cities
Pateman, R. M., Archer, D., Mu, S., Nikam, J., Williamson, K., Witton, R., & Cinderby, S. (2025) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2025.2502190
Fianoo, I. N., & Nishi, M. (2025) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-025-01732-5
Skillington, T., & Kirsch, J. M. (2025) · Energy, climate and the environment · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95020-9_3
Accessibility and usage patterns of urban green spaces in Mogadishu, Somalia
Hassan, A. A., Wasuge, M., Daud, D. M., & Abdi, A.-N. M. (2025) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2025.2583536
Haaland, C., & Lehtilä, K. (2025) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-025-01867-4
Olatoye, T. A., & Naidu, M. (2026) · Urbanization, sustainability and society. · doi:10.1108/uss-05-2025-0024
Sellés, L. K., & Meléndez‐Ackerman, E. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18062821
Daniele, G., Caser, M., & Larcher, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1770722
Agyekum, S., Adams, T., & Gerber, J. (2026) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2026.104737
Moesch, S. S., Keil, P., Buch, C., Jacobs, G., Bothmann, F., & Klaus, V. H. (2026) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2026.06.006
Chen, J., & Fukahori, K. (2026) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129577
Zhang, Y., Li, H., Li, Y., & Hu, Y. (2026) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d18090510
Declining Urban Greenery in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria
Idris, H. A. (2022) · AFRIGIST JOURNAL OF LAND ADMINISTRATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT · doi:10.54222/ajlaem.2022.zk06wih8
Soil quality, carbon and nitrogen stocks across urban green spaces in rapidly expanding cities
Das, C., & Garkoti, S. C. (2026) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2026.110700
Metadata
- Authors
- Colding, J., Gren, Å., & Barthel, S.
- Affiliations
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (SE)
- Stockholm Resilience Centre (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Colding, Johan
- Venue
- Land
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-05-20
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 162
- ISSN
- 2073-445X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3028489775
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 6.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Land (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas (2017-00937, 2016-01193)
- Stockholm County Council and the Stockholm University (SU-SLL Grant 2017: no. 20160884)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Planning and Governance
- Keywords
- urban green space, incremental change, ecosystem services, baseline shift, urban planning, resilience planning, nature experience, civil society organizations, urban commons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review