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Cited by 42Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal Imaging and AnalysisOcular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome

Retinal Progression Biomarkers of Early and Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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Flores, Rita, Carneiro, Ângela, Tenreiro, Sandra, Seabra, Miguel C.·2021·Life
DOI 10.3390/life12010036PMC PMC8779095
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Abstract

Early and intermediate AMD patients represent a heterogeneous population with an important but variable risk of progression to more advanced stages of the disease. The five-year progression from early and intermediate AMD to late disease is known to range from 0.4% to 53%. This wide variation explains the particular interest in searching predictive AMD biomarkers. Clinical parameters such as drusen size, presence of pigmentary abnormalities, and fellow eye status were, traditionally, the more important predictive elements. Multimodal retinal assessment (Color Fundus Photography, Optical Coherence Tomography, Optical Coherence Angiography and Fundus Autofluorescence) is providing new and accurate image biomarkers, useful in research and in daily practice. If individual progression risk could be anticipated, then management plans should be adapted accordingly, considering follow-up intervals and therapeutic interventions. Here, we reviewed the most important image progression biomarkers of early and intermediate AMD with relevant interest in clinical practice.

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  • Neovascular AMD is an advanced form of AMD, accounting for 10-20% of AMD cases and responsible for 80-90% of severe visual loss in this disorder.

    “Neovascular AMD (nAMD) is an advanced form of AMD, accounting for 10–20% of AMD cases and is responsible for 80–90% of severe visual loss in this disorder.5,6”

    From Safety and efficacy of ixoberogene soroparvovec in neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the United States (OPTIC): a prospective, two-year, multicentre phase 1 study (2024) · cites this paper as [6]

    The Introduction classifies exudative neovascular AMD as advanced AMD. Our copy does not give the claimed 10–20% share of AMD cases or attribute 80–90% of severe visual loss to nAMD; searches for those percentages and for neovascular AMD’s contribution to severe visual loss found no supporting passage. The other percentages in the Optical Coherence Tomography-Angiography Findings section concern different populations and outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The current nAMD therapeutic paradigm comes with a tremendous treatment burden of repeated intravitreal injections for the lifetime of the patient.

    “The current nAMD therapeutic paradigm comes with a tremendous treatment burden of repeated intravitreal injections for the lifetime of the patient.6,24”

    From Safety and efficacy of ixoberogene soroparvovec in neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the United States (OPTIC): a prospective, two-year, multicentre phase 1 study (2024) · cites this paper as [6]

    Section 4 (page unavailable) says anti-VEGF treatment is not recommended for nonexudative neovascularization until signs of exudation appear. It does not describe the treatment regimen for nAMD or say that patients face repeated intravitreal injections for life. Searches for intravitreal injections and lifelong treatment burden found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Flores, R., Carneiro, Â., Tenreiro, S., & Seabra, M. C.
Affiliations
  • Unidade Local de Saúde de São José (PT)
  • Hospital de São João (PT)
  • Universidade Nova de Lisboa (PT)
  • University College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Flores, Rita
ORCID
Venue
Life
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-12-27
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
36
ISSN
2075-1729 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/life12010036
PMC
PMC8779095
OpenAlex
W4200115993
Cited by
42
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 1
FWCI
1.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Life (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (PTDC/MED-PAT/30385/2017, iNOVA4Health-UIDB/04462/2020)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
Keywords
age-related macular degeneration, early AMD, intermediate AMD, disease progression, imaging biomarkers, drusen, pigmentary abnormalities, multimodal retinal imaging, optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, fundus autofluorescence, color fundus photography, risk prediction

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