Life’s Late Digital Revolution and Why It Matters for the Study of the Origins of Life
Open accessAbstract
The information contained in life exists in two forms, analog and digital. Analog information is manifest mainly in the differing concentrations of chemicals that get passed from generation to generation and can vary from cell to cell. Digital information is encoded in linear polymers such as DNA and RNA, whose side chains come in discrete chemical forms. Here, we argue that the analog form of information preceded the digital. Acceptance of this dichotomy, and this progression, can help direct future studies on how life originated and initially complexified on the primordial Earth, as well as expected trajectories for other, independent origins of complex life.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recognizing two sequential events-first the origin of an analog chemical system capable of adaptive evolution and then a digital revolution-makes the origin of life problem much more tractable.
“Recognizing that there are two sequential events, first the origin of an analog chemical system that is capable of adaptive evolution and then a digital revolution, the origin of life problem becomes much more tractable [124].”
From The Origin of Prebiotic Information System in the Peptide/RNA World: A Simulation Model of the Evolution of Translation and the Genetic Code (2019) · cites this paper as [124]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Chemical etiology of nucleic acid structure
Eschenmoser, A. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2118 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Group selection of early replicators and the origin of life
Szathmáry, E., & Demeter, L. (1987) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(87)80191-1 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Compositional genomes: Prebiotic information transfer in mutually catalytic noncovalent assemblies
Segré, D., Ben-Eli, D., & Lancet, D. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4112 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
A Universal Definition of Life: Autonomy and Open-Ended Evolution
Ruiz-Mirazo, K., Peretó, J., & Moreno, A. (2004) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1023/b:orig.0000016440.53346.dc · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Excess mutual catalysis is required for effective evolvability
Markovitch, O., & Lancet, D. (2012) · Artificial Life · doi:10.1162/artl_a_00064 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 22
- [1]Emmeche C. Hoffmeyer J. From langauge to nature: The semiotic metaphor in biology Semiotica 1991 84 1 42 10.1515/semi.1991.84.1-2.1 · DOI
- [2]Walker S.I. Davies P.C.W. The algorithmic origins of life J. R. Soc. Interface 2013 10 10.1098/rsif.2012.0869 23235265 PMC3565706 · DOI · Paper page
- [3]Schrödinger E. What Is Life? Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK 1944
- [4]Skoultchi A.I. Morowitz H.J. Information storage and survival of biological systems at temperatures near absolute zero Yale J. Biol. Med. 1964 37 158 163 14222353 PMC2604661
- [5]Feitelson D.G. Treinin M. The blueprint for life? Computer 2002 35 34 40 10.1109/MC.2002.1016899 · DOI
- [6]Horowitz N.H. Miller S.L. Current Theories on the Origin of Life Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe/Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products/Progrès dans la Chimie des Substances Organiques Naturelles Springer Berlin, Germany 1962 423 459 13954989
- [10]Shenhav B. Segrè D. Lancet D. Mesobiotic emergence: Molecular and ensemble complexity in early evolution Adv. Complex Syst. 2003 6 15 35 10.1142/S0219525903000785 · DOI · Paper page
- [12]Vasas V. Szathmáry E. Santos M. Lack of evolvability in self-sustaining autocatalytic networks constraints metabolism-first scenarios for the origin of life Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010 107 1470 1475 10.1073/pnas.0912628107 20080693 PMC2824406 · DOI · Paper page
- [13]Pross A. Toward a general theory of evolution: Extending Darwinian theory to inanimate matter J. Syst. Chem. 2011 2 1 10.1186/1759-2208-2-1 · DOI
- [15]Krishnamurthy R. Role of pKa of nucleobases in the origins of chemical evolution Acc. Chem. Res. 2012 45 2035 2044 10.1021/ar200262x 22533519 PMC3525050 · DOI
- [16]Lehman N. A recombination-based model for the origin and early evolution of genetic information Chem. Biodivers. 2008 5 1707 1717 10.1002/cbdv.200890159 18816523 · DOI
- [17]Severin K. Lee D.H. Martinez J.A. Ghadiri M.R. Peptide self-replication via template-directed ligation Chem. Eur. J. 1997 3 1017 1024 10.1002/chem.19970030706 · DOI
- [19]Krishnamurthy R. On the emergence of RNA Isr. J. Chem. 2015 55 837 850 10.1002/ijch.201400180 · DOI
- [20]Takeuchi N. Hogeweg P. Kaneko K. The origin of a primordial genome through spontaneous symmetry breaking Nat. Commun. 2017 8 250 10.1038/s41467-017-00243-x 28811464 PMC5557888 · DOI
- [21]Kamimura A. Kaneko K. Reproduction of a protocell by replication of a minority molecule in a catalytic reaction network Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010 105 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.268103 21231715 · DOI
- [22]Baum D.A. Selection and the origin of cells Bioscience 2015 65 678 684 10.1093/biosci/biv063 · DOI
- [23]Mossel E. Steel M. Random biochemical networks: The probability of self-sustaining autocatalysis J. Theor. Biol. 2005 233 327 336 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.10.011 15652142 · DOI
- [24]Kauffman S.A. Autocatalytic sets of proteins J. Theor. Biol. 1986 119 1 24 10.1016/S0022-5193(86)80047-9 3713221 · DOI · Paper page
- [25]Kauffman S.A. Cellular homeostasis, epigenesis and replication in randomly aggregated macromolecular systems J. Cybern. 1971 1 71 96 10.1080/01969727108545830 · DOI
- [26]Hordijk W. Steel M. Kauffman S.A. The structure of autocatalytic sets: Evolvability, enablement, and emergence Acta Biotheor. 2012 60 379 392 10.1007/s10441-012-9165-1 23053465 · DOI
- [28]Baum D.A. Vetsigian K. An experimental framework for generating evolvable chemical systems in the laboratory Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 2016 46 1 17 10.1007/s11084-016-9526-x 27864699 PMC5705744 · DOI · Paper page
- [29]Kovacs N.A. Petrov A.S. Lanier K.A. Williams L.D. Frozen in time: The history of proteins Mol. Biol. Evol. 2017 34 1252 1260 10.1093/molbev/msx086 28201543 PMC5400399 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chatterjee, S., & Yadav, S. (2019) · Life · doi:10.3390/life9010025 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Recognizing that there are two sequential events, first the origin of an analog chemical system capable of adaptive evolution and then a digital revolution, the origin of life problem becomes much more tractable [118].”
Background
- Authors
- Baum, D., & Lehman, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Portland State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baum, David
- Lehman, Niles
- Venue
- Life
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-08-25
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 34
- ISSN
- 2075-1729 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5617959
- OpenAlex
- W2747419135
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 0.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Life (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PDXScholar (Portland State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- NASA (IDEAS16-0002)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- origin of life, digital information, information encoding, DNA, RNA, early Earth, origin of complex life
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review