Architectural Glazed Tiles Used in Ancient Chinese Screen Walls (15th–18th Century AD): Ceramic Technology, Decay Process and Conservation
Open accessAbstract
The glazed tile is an important building material used throughout the history of traditional Chinese architecture. Architectural glazed tiles used to decorate the screen walls of ancient China are studied scientifically for the first time. More than 30 glazed tile samples from the screen walls of the 15th to 18th century AD of the Hancheng Confucian Temple and Town God’s Temple in Shaanxi Province were carefully investigated using SEM–EDS and XRD. Microstructure and chemistry indicated the raw materials, the recipes and the technological choices used to produce the paste and glaze of the glazed tile samples studied. The causes for the key degradation processes of these glazed tiles used as building materials in the screen walls have also been discussed. This work has clear implications for the restoration and conservation treatments on these kinds of ancient Chinese building materials.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Clinozoisite is generated from feldspar through specific chemical reactions.
“Additionally, clinozoisite is generated from feldspar through specific chemical reactions [7].”
From Technological integration and innovation in architectural ceramics in the Yuan Dynasty: chemical investigation for the glazed tiles of the Prince Anxi’ s mansion, China (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Section 3.1 identifies feldspar in the glazed-tile paste but does not mention clinozoisite or describe feldspar producing it. Searches for “clinozoisite” and for feldspar alteration reactions found no passage addressing the claimed transformation; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- [4]Kang B. Groom S. Duan H. Ding Y. Li H. Miao J. Lu G. The ceramic technology of the architectural glazed tiles of Huangwa Kiln, Liaoning Province, China Craft and Science: International Perspectives on Archaeological Ceramics Martinón-Torres M. Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation, Hamad bin Khalifa University Press Doha, Qatar 2014 213 224
- [6]Cheng L. Feng S. Li R. Lu Z. Li G. The provenance study of Chinese ancient architectonical colored glaze by INAA Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2008 66 1873 1875 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.06.039 18691896 · DOI
- [7]Adili D. Zhao J. Yang L. Zhao P. Luo H. Protection of glazed tiles in ancient buildings of China Herit. Sci. 2020 8 37 48 10.1186/s40494-020-00380-5 · DOI
- [8]Zhao J. Li W.D. Luo H.J. Miao J.M. Research on protection of the architectural glazed ceramics in the palace museum, Beijing J. Cult. Herit. 2010 11 279 287 10.1016/j.culher.2009.05.004 · DOI
- [12]Wood N. Chinese Glazes: The Origins, Chemistry, and Recreation 2nd ed. University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia, PA, USA 2011 12 197 12, 197
- [14]Tian S. Li Z. Wang Z. Jiang E. Wang W. Sun M. Mineral composition and particle size distribution of river sediment and loess in the middle and lower Yellow River Int. J. Sediment Res. 2021 36 392 400 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.07.008 · DOI
- [16]Ventolà L. Cordoba A. Vendrell-Saz M. Giraldez P. Vilardell R. Saline M. Decorated ceramic tiles used in Catalan Modernist Architecture (c.1870 to c.1925): Composition, decay and conservation Constr. Build. Mater. 2014 51 249 257 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.083 · DOI
- [17]Gliozzo E. Ceramic technology. How to reconstruct the firing process Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 2020 12 1 35 10.1007/s12520-020-01133-y · DOI
- [19]Tite T.S. Freestone I. Mason R. Molera J. Vendrell-Saz M. Wood N. Lead glazes in antiquity—methods of production and reasons for use Archaeometry 1998 40 241 260 10.1111/j.1475-4754.1998.tb00836.x · DOI
- [20]Miao J.M. Wang S.W. Research on the architecture glazed tiles of Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties Proceedings of the 05 International Symposium on Ancient Ceramics Shanghai, China 1–5 November 2005 108 115 (In Chinese)
- [22]Li J.Z. A History of Science of Technology in China-Volume of Ceramic Science Press Beijing, China 1998 474 (In Chinese)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Shi, R., Wen, R., Ma, Q., & Wang, W. (2025) · npj Heritage Science · doi:10.1038/s40494-025-01574-5
- Authors
- Shen, J., Li, L., Wang, J.-P., Li, X., Zhang, D., Ji, J., & Luan, J.-Y.
- Affiliations
- Shandong University (CN)
- Shaanxi Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Xi’an 710075, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Department of Conservation, Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum, Xi’an 710600, China
- Corresponding author
- Li, Li
- Venue
- Materials
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-11-24
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 7146
- ISSN
- 1996-1944 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8658199
- OpenAlex
- W3214926905
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 8.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University (2019HW011)
- the Shandong University multidisciplinary research and innovation team of young scholars (2020QNQT018)
- the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51909139)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Building materials and conservation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
- Keywords
- glazed tiles, screen walls, ancient Chinese architecture, ceramic technology, glaze composition, raw materials, microstructure, degradation processes, conservation, restoration, 15th-18th centuries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
