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Cited by 26Geotechnical Engineering and Soil StabilizationGeotechnical and construction materials studiesMaterials Engineering and Processing

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Wet–Dry Cycles and Microstructural Characteristics of Expansive Subgrade Treated with Sustainable Cementitious Waste Materials

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Abbey, Samuel J., Amakye, Samuel Y. O., Eyo, Eyo U., Booth, Colin A., Jeremiah, Jeremiah J.·2023·Materials
DOI 10.3390/ma16083124PMC PMC10146350
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Abstract

This work presents an experimental study on the physico-mechanical and microstructural characteristics of stabilised soils and the effect of wetting and drying cycles on their durability as road subgrade materials. The durability of expansive road subgrade with a high plasticity index treated with different ratios of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and brick dust waste (BDW) was investigated. Treated and cured samples of the expansive subgrade were subjected to wetting–drying cycles, California bearing ratio (CBR) tests, and microstructural analysis. The results show a gradual reduction in the California bearing ratio (CBR), mass, and the resilient modulus of samples for all subgrade types as the number of cycles increases. The treated subgrades containing 23.5% GGBS recorded the highest CBR value of 230% under dry conditions while the lowest CBR value of 15% (wetting cycle) was recorded for the subgrade treated with 11.75% GGBS and 11.75% BDW at the end of the wetting–drying cycles, both of which find useful application in road pavement construction as calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel was formed in all stabilised subgrade materials. However, the increase in alumina and silica content upon the inclusion of BDW initiated the formation of more cementitious products due to the increased availability of Si and Al species as indicated by EDX analysis. This study concluded that subgrade materials treated with a combination of GGBS and BDW are durable, sustainable and suitable for use in road construction.

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Metadata

Authors
Abbey, S. J., Amakye, S. Y. O., Eyo, E. U., Booth, C. A., & Jeremiah, J. J.
Affiliations
University of the West of England (GB)
Corresponding author
Abbey, Samuel J.
ORCID
Venue
Materials
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-04-15
Volume
16
Issue
8
Pages
3124
ISSN
1996-1944 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ma16083124
PMC
PMC10146350
OpenAlex
W4366091758
Cited by
26
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2
FWCI
3.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Geotechnical and construction materials studies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Materials Engineering and Processing
Keywords
wetting-drying cycles, ground granulated blast furnace slag, soil stabilization, California bearing ratio, resilient modulus, calcium silicate hydrate, microstructure, durability, road subgrade

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