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A Broad Dual-Band Implantable Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting and Data Transmitting
Open accessAbstract
An implantable antenna, operating at the dual Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands of 902–928 MHz and 2.4–2.48 GHz, is presented for RF energy harvesting and data transmission. By introducing multiple radiating branches and etching a C-shaped slot, multiple resonant frequencies were generated to produce the wide dual bands. The proposed antenna has compact dimensions of 7.9 × 7.7 × 1.27 mm3. The simulated impedance bandwidths of the antenna are 0.67–1.05 GHz (44.2%) and 2.11–2.96 GHz (33.5%), and the peak gains are −28.9 dBi and −29.5 dBi, respectively. The lower band can be applied in RF energy harvesting, while the upper band is designed for data transmission with external medical equipment. Furthermore, to convert RF power into DC power, in RF energy harvesting, a voltage-doubled rectifier was positioned under the ground plane of the proposed antenna. The rectifier circuit can achieve a maximum conversion efficiency of 52% at an input power of 5 dBm. Furthermore, the integrated scheme of the implantable rectenna was fabricated and the numerical performance of the wireless power transfer was verified with the measurement results.
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“This dispersion of energy means that only a fraction of the transmitted power is captured by the receiver, necessitating higher power outputs from the transmitter to ensure adequate energy reaches the implant.”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However brain implants require minimization of the system to reduce the invasiveness of the procedure which might conflict with the ideal antenna size needed for efficient RF energy transfer, leading to a trade-off between the physical size of the implant and the efficiency of power reception (Ferguson and Redish, 2011; Di Carlo et al., 2018; Fan et al., 2022).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2022
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“This increase in power output can, in turn, lead to heightened concerns about tissue heating (Di Carlo et al., 2018; Fan et al., 2022; Guo et al., 2022).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2022
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“As the distance between the transmitter and receiver increases, the power transfer efficiency typically decreases due to the spreading of electromagnetic waves.”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Fan et al., 2022
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Cites
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“In the simulation of the dual-band antenna, the dielectric properties of human tissues, such as relative permittivity and loss tangent, should be set as the values at the center frequency in the two target bands [25].”
BackgroundA Leadless Intracardiac Transcatheter Pacing System
REYNOLDS, D. W., Duray, G. Z., Omar, R., Soejima, K., Neužil, P., Zhang, S., Narasimhan, C., Steinwender, C., Brugada, J., Lloyd, M. S., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1511643 · Cited by 935 · cited 1×
“These IMDs include blood pressure monitors [2], cochlear implants [3], and implantable pacemakers [4], and others.”
BackgroundWireless Power Transfer Strategies for Implantable Bioelectronics
Agarwal, K., Jegadeesan, R., Guo, Y., & Thakor, N. V. (2017) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2017.2683520 · Cited by 549 · cited 1×
“To address the above issues, wireless power transfer (WPT) technology in medical systems can be adopted [7].”
BackgroundPower Approaches for Implantable Medical Devices
Amar, A. B., Kouki, A. B., & Cao, H. (2015) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s151128889 · Cited by 445 · cited 1×
“However, the working lives of IMDs are limited by their batteries [5,6].”
BackgroundLiu, C.-R., Guo, Y.-X., & Xiao, S. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2014.2307341 · Cited by 292
Fully Wireless Implantable Cardiovascular Pressure Monitor Integrated with a Medical Stent
Chow, E. Y., Chlebowski, A. L., Chakraborty, S., Chappell, W. J., & Irazoqui, P. P. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2010.2041058 · Cited by 223 · cited 1×
“These IMDs include blood pressure monitors [2], cochlear implants [3], and implantable pacemakers [4], and others.”
BackgroundDesign and Safety Considerations of an Implantable Rectenna for Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer
Liu, C.-R., Guo, Y.-X., Sun, H.-C., & Xiao, S. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2014.2352363 · Cited by 222 · cited 1×
“In the WPT of medical systems, the power of the RF energy source is usually transferred to the IMDs by means of inductive coupling [8–10] or microwave radiation [11,12].”
MethodLiu, X.-Y., Wu, Z.-T., Fan, Y., & Tentzeris, E. (2017) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2016.2590477 · Cited by 171
Self-citationA Wideband Circularly Polarized Conformal Endoscopic Antenna System for High-Speed Data Transfer
Das, R., & Yoo, H. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2017.2694700 · Cited by 130
Energy sources and their development for application in medical devices
Rasouli, M., & Phee, L. (2010) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1586/erd.10.20 · Cited by 126 · cited 1×
“However, the working lives of IMDs are limited by their batteries [5,6].”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Essa, A., Almajali, E. R. F., Mahmoud, S. A., Amaya, R., Alja'afreh, S., & Ikram, M. (2024) · IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/ojap.2024.3392160 · Cited by 54
“Single-stage voltage doublers were proposed in [9], [55], [81], whereas implementations involving two-stage doublers were proposed in [71].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-Sustainable Biomedical Devices Powered by RF Energy: A Review
Alkhalaf, H. Y., Ahmad, M. Y., & Ramiah, H. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22176371 · Cited by 42
“Thus, the authors in [82] reported an implantable, broad dual-band antenna for RFEH.”
BackgroundA Compact Circular Rectenna for RF-Energy Harvesting at ISM Band
Prashad, L., Mohanta, H. C., & Mohamed, H. G. (2023) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi14040825 · Cited by 30
“In [17], a miniaturized dual-band antenna with Cand L-shaped slots is put forward for energy harvesting at 915 MHz and for transmitting the data at 2.”
MethodComparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants
Miziev, S., Pawlak, W. A., & Howard, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1320441 · Cited by 21
“This increase in power output can, in turn, lead to heightened concerns about tissue heating (Di Carlo et al., 2018; Fan et al., 2022; Guo et al., 2022).”
BackgroundOptimized Rectenna Design for Wireless Power Transfer in Implantable Systems
Islam, A. J., Salehin, S., Pranta, S., Barua, N., Pavel, T., Uddin, A., & Ananna, K. F. (2025) · 2025 Devices for Integrated Circuit (DevIC) · doi:10.1109/devic63749.2025.11012166 · Cited by 17
“Another study [15] explores a dual-band implantable antenna for RF energy harvesting and data transmission, incorporating multiple radiating branches and a C-shaped slot, covering the 915-MHz and 2.45-GHz ISM bands for energy harvesting and data transmission.”
InfluentialSalehin, S., Islam, A. J., Pranta, S., Das, N., Alam, S. U., Barua, N., & Shawon, M. (2024) · 2024 International Conference on Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology (ICISET) · doi:10.1109/iciset62123.2024.10939182 · Cited by 16
“In [11], a dual-band implanted antenna for data transmission and RF energy harvesting is studied, measuring 7.9 × 7.7 × 1.27 mm³.”
InfluentialRectenna-Based Wireless Power Transfer for Implantable Bioelectronic Devices
Salehin, S., Islam, A. J., Pranta, S., Das, N., Paul, S., Alam, S. U., Pavel, T., & Uddin, A. (2024) · IEEE International WIE Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.1109/wiecon-ece64149.2024.10915138 · Cited by 15
“Another study [11] explores a dual-band implantable antenna for RF energy harvesting and data transmission, incorporating multiple radiating branches and a C-shaped slot, covering the 915-MHz and 2.45-GHz ISM bands for energy harvesting and data transmission.”
InfluentialA Dual-Polarized Omnidirectional Rectenna Array for RF Energy Harvesting
Wang, Y., Lu, N., Sun, H.-C., & Ren, R. (2023) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi14051071 · Cited by 15
“In recent years, the demand for low-power electronics in smart homes [2], smart healthcare [3], and environmental monitoring [4] has increased substantially.”
BackgroundZhang, J.-G., Wagih, M., Yang, X., Das, R., Wang, H.-X., Mirzai, N., Mercer, J., Ho, J. S., & Heidari, H. (2025) · IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2024.3492392 · Cited by 14
“A further fundamental limitation lies in that all wireless-powered SWIPT implants were tested as individual receivers, in isolation [23], [28].”
En-Naghma, W., Halaq, H., & Ougli, A. E. (2024) · International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · doi:10.11591/ijece.v14i2.pp1674-1682 · Cited by 10
“These works serve to enhance the output voltage value and RF-DC efficiency by choosing the type of diode used and its topology (series [15], doubler [16], [17], shunt [18], and multiplier [14]).”
BackgroundSong, Z.-W., Zheng, X., Shi, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74512-3 · Cited by 9
Islam, A. J., Salehin, S., Pranta, S., Das, N., Shawon, M., Ahamed, R., Alam, S. U., & Siddiky, M. N. A. (2024) · 2024 IEEE International Conference on Power, Electrical, Electronics and Industrial Applications (PEEIACON) · doi:10.1109/peeiacon63629.2024.10800273 · Cited by 9
Guida, R., & Melodia, T. (2025) · Ad hoc networks · doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2024.103748 · Cited by 8
Toward Battery-Free Implants: A High-Efficiency Rectenna Design with SAR-Aware Optimization
Islam, A. J., Salehin, S., Pranta, S., Shil, A., Pavel, T., & Ifti, S. A.-H. (2025) · 2025 International Conference on Quantum Photonics, Artificial Intelligence, and Networking (QPAIN) · doi:10.1109/qpain66474.2025.11172145 · Cited by 7
“A dual-band implantable antenna for energy harvesting and data transmission is presented in [16], using multiple radiating branches and a C-shaped slot covering the ISM bands.”
Guerrero-Vásquez, L. F., Chacón-Reino, N. A., Tenezaca-Angamarca, S. D., Chasi-Pesantez, P. A., & Ordoñez-Ordoñez, J. O. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15147773 · Cited by 4
Analysis of muscle implanted antenna performance with the variation of implantation depth
Ghosh, S., & Gupta, B. (2024) · Frequenz · doi:10.1515/freq-2023-0421 · Cited by 4
Machine Learning-Optimized Rectenna Design for Battery-Free Biocompatible Implants
Apon, R. I., Nushiba, Z., & Hossain, M. (2025) · IEEE International WIE Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.1109/wiecon-ece69386.2025.11526655 · Cited by 3
“A dual-band implantable antenna for energy harvesting and data transmission is presented in [20], using multiple radiating branches and a C-shaped slot covering the ISM bands.”
Dokumaci, A. İ., Alkurt, F., Wang, L.-L., & Karaaslan, M. (2025) · Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing · doi:10.1007/s10470-025-02412-1 · Cited by 3
“The input power of the system is the same in [34 ] and the presented study, but the efficiency and output volt - age are higher in this study.”
Machine Learning Based b-Shaped Monopole Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting Applications
Kuşi̇n, Y. E., & Palandoken, M. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches · doi:10.59287/ijanser.1133 · Cited by 2
“There are various antenna designs used for RF energy harvesting systems [13],[14],[15].”
MethodEmpirical Indoor Signal Propagation of LoRa Link for IoT Applications
Yunus, N. H. M., Ismail, S. S., Basarudin, H. B., Aminudin, N. A. I., Razak, M. R. A., & Azmi, M. A. M. (2023) · 2023 International Conference on Engineering Technology and Technopreneurship (ICE2T) · doi:10.1109/ice2t58637.2023.10540518 · Cited by 1
“The Fresnel Zone radius in metre is calculated as follows [16], The Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) can be calculated as in (4) [17 - 19] to calculate the power amount of a fully isotropic antenna that would have to radiate in order to obtain the measured value.”
MethodChaabane, A., & Bait-Suwailam, M. M. (2026) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics15214963
On‐Chip Ultra Small 900‐MHz Wireless Powering Transfer for Smart Biomedical Devices
Muttlak, S. G., Abdulwahid, O., Sadeghi, M., & Missous, M. (2026) · International journal of circuit theory and applications · doi:10.1002/cta.70672
Joshi, A. C., & Sarkar, D. (2026) · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · doi:10.1109/lawp.2026.3725840
“Reported simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) implantable antennas [13], [14], [15], [19], [20], [21], [22] predominantly use single-port multiband configura-tionthat requireexternal multiplexer for simultaneous operation.”
Dokumaci, A. İ., Alkurt, F., Özkaner, V., Wang, L.-L., & Karaaslan, M. (2026) · Journal Electromagnetic Waves and Applications · doi:10.1080/09205071.2026.2711409
“Reference [37] achieves a comparable efficiency; however, it operates at a different frequency and provides a much lower DC output voltage.”
Metamaterial-Inspired Compact Antenna for Ingestible Capsule Endoscopic System
Jacob, S., Karuppiah, V., Ajaykarthick, V., Premnath, S., Pandiselvi, T., & Mooda, R. (2026) · 2026 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information, Communication & Systems (ICETICS) · doi:10.1109/icetics69505.2026.11651114
Quad-band rectenna for power harvesting and other biomedical applications
Jampa, R., & Sharma, D. (2026) · Frequenz · doi:10.1515/freq-2024-0341
“…footprint and three bands for telemedicine, covering MedRadio and ISM (0.915 and 2.4 GHz) bands, with U-shaped slots for impedance matching [20], [21]. also developed a two-band implantable MPA along with a recti-fi er for data transfer and power harvesting, featuring a lot of resonating…”
InfluentialA Tissue-Integrated Rectenna for Efficient and Safe Wireless Power Harvesting
Apon, R. I., Rahman, S. K. T., & Hossain, M. (2025) · 2025 28th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT) · doi:10.1109/iccit68739.2025.11490297
“A dual-band antenna with radiating branches and a C-shaped slot is introduced in [9], targeting 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz for energy harvesting and data transmission.”
InfluentialNushiba, Z., Uddin, A., Lokman, M., Roy, A., Das, P., Barua, S., & Das, M. (2025) · 2025 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Information, Communication and Systems (SPICSCON) · doi:10.1109/spicscon69221.2025.11504246
“…boost field intensity and mitigate misalignment [11]; a dual-band radiator with branches and a C-shaped slot for 915 MHz/2.45 GHz energy/data links [12]; an FR-4 RF harvester achieving up to 78% efficiency [1]; and IMD/array co-design addressing intermodulation at 2.448/2.452 GHz with careful…”
InfluentialEfficient Design of Rectifier Circuit for Low Power Applications at 2.45 GHz
Jabbar, M., En-Naghma, W., El-Kahiri, M., Salah, O., Ougli, A. E., & Halaq, H. (2025) · 2025 5th International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET) · doi:10.1109/iraset64571.2025.11008192
“They differ from one to another depending on the position and how many diodes are used (series [17], doubler [18], [19], shunt [20], and multiplier [21]).”
Highly Efficient Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Implantable Medical Devices
Harhouz, A., Aissaoui, D., Chaabane, A., & Benaissa, M. (2024) · International Conference on Transportation Information and Safety · doi:10.1109/ictis62692.2024.10894580
“However, far-field approaches typically suffer from lower overall power transfer efficiency (PTE) and pose more significant safety concerns [9], [10].”
Design of a Novel Dipole Rectenna for Sub-6 GHz RF Energy Harvesting Applications
Jayalekshmi, S., Shukoor, M. A., Kunju, N., & Dey, S. (2024) · 2024 Second International Conference on Microwave, Antenna and Communication (MAC) · doi:10.1109/mac61551.2024.10837202
A Miniaturized Implantable Antenna for Health Care Monitoring
A., S., K., R., Padala, N., Bandi, J., & T, A. (2024) · 2024 Asia Pacific Conference on Innovation in Technology (APCIT) · doi:10.1109/apcit62007.2024.10673717
Metadata
- Authors
- Fan, Y., Liu, X., & Xu, C.
- Affiliations
- Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University (CN)
- South China University of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Xiongying
- Venue
- Micromachines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-31
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 563
- ISSN
- 2072-666X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9028823
- OpenAlex
- W4221019483
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Micromachines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2015B010101006, 2014A010103014, 2017xm057)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (61372008)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Antenna Design and Analysis
- Keywords
- implantable antenna, dual-band antenna, RF energy harvesting, rectenna, wireless power transfer, ISM band, C-shaped slot, multiple resonant frequencies, medical data transmission, antenna miniaturization
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