Design and modelling of graphene-based flexible 5G antenna for next-generation wearable head imaging systems
Open accessAbstract
Arguably, 5G and next-generation technology with its key features (specifically, supporting high data rates and high mobility platforms) make it valuable for coping with the emerging needs of medical healthcare. A 5G-enabled portable device receives the sensitive detection signals from the head imaging system and transmits them over the 5G network for real-time monitoring, analysis, and storage purposes. In terms of material, graphene-based flexible electronics have become very popular for wearable and healthcare devices due to their exceptional mechanical strength, thermal stability, high electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility. A graphene-based flexible antenna for data communication from wearable head imaging devices over a 5G network was designed and modelled. The antenna operated at the 34.5 GHz range and was designed using an 18 µm thin graphene film for the conductive radiative patch and ground with electric conductivity of 3.5 × 105 S/m. The radiative patch was designed in a fractal fashion to provide sufficient antenna flexibility for wearable uses. The patch was designed over a 1.5 mm thick flexible polyamide substrate that made the design suitable for wearable applications. This paper presented the 3D modelling and analysis of the 5G flexible antenna for communication in a digital care-home model. The analyses were carried out based on the antenna’s reflection coefficient, gain, radiation pattern, and power balance. The time-domain signal analysis was carried out between the two antennas to mimic real-time communication in wearable devices.
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Graphene and metamaterials offer high conductivity and electromagnetic properties in extremely thin and flexible forms.
“Research in this area is exploring ultra-compact antenna designs and the use of materials like graphene and metamaterials, which offer high conductivity and electromagnetic properties in extremely thin and flexible forms (Riaz et al., 2023; Saidi et al., 2023).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Riaz et al., 2023
Section 3, “Flexible Electronics and Portable Systems” (page unavailable), describes graphene’s high electrical conductivity and its use in flexible antennas. Section 4, “Antenna Design” (page unavailable), specifies an 18 µm graphene film. The paper does not establish the claimed conductivity, electromagnetic properties, thinness, or flexibility of metamaterials; it mentions a metamaterial-loaded antenna only in a reference title. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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A Review of Wearable Antennas for 5G and Body-Centric Wireless Communication
Kale, S., & Patil, D. P. (2024) · Devices and Methods of Measurements · doi:10.21122/2220-9506-2024-15-4-269-286 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Transparent Reflectarray Antennas
Mugheri, A. A., Abbasi, M. I., Ibrahim, I. M., Kiani, S. H., Dahri, M. H., Kamarudin, M. R., Shamsan, Z. A., & Abbasi, Q. H. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3607095 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Novel Reconfigurable Patch Antenna Design for WiFi and 5G Applications
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Reconfigurable Ring-Enhanced Circular Patch Antenna for 5G and Dual-Band WiFi Applications
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Improved Empirical Formula Modeling Method Using Neuro-Space Mapping for Coupled Microstrip Lines
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Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Mobile Communications and Ka-Band Satellite Communications
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A Novel Wearable Flexible Antenna for the 2.45 GHz Band
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- Authors
- Riaz, A., Khan, S., & Arslan, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Riaz, Asad
- Venue
- Micromachines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-03-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 610
- ISSN
- 2072-666X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10056467
- OpenAlex
- W4323364851
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 4.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Micromachines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Higher Education Commission (HEC) (EP/T021063/1)
- Advanced Care Research Center (ACRC) (EP/T021063/1)
- U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (EP/T021063/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Antenna Design and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies
- Keywords
- graphene, flexible antenna, 5G, fractal patch antenna, polyamide substrate, antenna modeling, reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, antenna gain, real-time communication, portable medical device
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