Removal of pharmaceutical micropollutants with integrated biochar and marine microalgae
Open accessAbstract
Using microalgae to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) micropollutants (MPs) have attracted considerable interest. However, high concentrations of persistent PPCPs can reduce the performance of microalgae in remediating PPCPs. Three persistent PPCPs, namely, carbamazepine (CBZ), sulfamethazine (SMT) and tramadol (TRA), were treated with a combination of Chaetoceros muelleri and biochar in a photobioreactor during this study. Two reactors were run. The first reactor comprised Chaetoceros muelleri, as the control, and the second reactor comprised Chaetoceros muelleri and biochar. The second reactor showed a better performance in removing PPCPs. Through the response surface methodology, 68.9% (0.330 mg L−1) of CBZ, 64.8% (0.311 mg L−1) of SMT and 69.3% (0.332 mg L−1) of TRA were removed at the initial concentrations of MPs (0.48 mg L−1) and contact time of 8.1 days. An artificial neural network was used in optimising elimination efficiency for each MP. The rational mean squared errors and high R2 values showed that the removal of PPCPs was optimised. Moreover, the effects of PPCPs concentration (0–100 mg L−1) on Chaetoceros muelleri were studied. Low PPCP concentrations (<40 mg L−1) increased the amounts of chlorophyll and proteins in the microalgae. However, cell viability, chlorophyll and protein contents dramatically decreased with increasing PPCPs concentrations (>40 mg L−1).
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Microalgae exhibit great tolerance against wastewater toxins.
“Moreover, they exhibit great tolerance against WW toxins.”
From Microalgae-based wastewater treatment: Mechanisms, challenges, recent advances, and future prospects (2023) · cites this paper as [94]
Results and Discussion §3.2 (page not available) reports that the marine microalga Chaetoceros muelleri showed no significant loss of cell viability at pharmaceutical-pollutant concentrations up to 40 mg/L. Above that concentration, viability and other measures declined. This supports tolerance to the pollutants tested under limited conditions, not a general claim of great tolerance to wastewater toxins. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Self-citationYaser, S., Abouseada, N., Hammam, M., & Aboelela, D. (2024) · International Journal of Industry and Sustainable Development · doi:10.21608/ijisd.2024.298056.1066 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Microalgae biotechnology for bioremediation applications
Kassim, M. A., Hashim, N. H. F., Jaafar, M. H., & Lalung, J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90476-6.00012-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cozma, P., Hlihor, R. M., Roşca, M., Simion, I. M., Apostol, M., & Gavrilescu, M. C. (2021) · E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB) · doi:10.1109/ehb52898.2021.9657749 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sanusi, A., Rasheed, H. A., Adewumi, C. N., Danmallam, U. N., & Adeleke, A. A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40447-4.00011-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
From waste to products: microalgal cultivation in insect frass to obtain valuable biomass
Petrucciani, A., Mollo, L., Siena, S. A., Ajdini, B., Biancarosa, I., Truzzi, C., & Norici, A. (2025) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102339 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Recent Advancements in Urban Wastewater Management—Recommendations and Future Directions
Reddy, A. P., Mankal, N., Hoque, M. E., & Rajagopal, S. (2025) · Journal of Water Management Modeling · doi:10.14796/jwmm.c565 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Haq, M. A. U., Irfan, M., Malik, S., Kaewman, N., Srimongkol, P., Srinuanpan, S., Qattan, S. Y. A., Alsabban, A. H., Albuquerque, A., Boopathy, R., et al. (2026) · Current Pollution Reports · doi:10.1007/s40726-026-00413-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Strategies for PPCP Removal from Sewage Sludge in a Circular Economy Context
González-Rojo, S., Martínez-Sanchez, Á., & Gómez, X. (2026) · Water · doi:10.3390/w18121509 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Microalgae-Based Remediation of Contaminated Water: A Way Forward to Achieve SDG Goal 6
Kumar, S., Utkarsh, K., Nivedita, Kumar, P., & Khan, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5177-8_14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Removal of Micropollutants in Industrial Wastewater Using Microalgae
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Research Status and Hotspot Visualization Analysis of PPCPs Based on CiteSpace
左, 明. (2022) · Advances in Environmental Protection · doi:10.12677/aep.2022.125132
Challenges and future perspectives for tackling PPCPs
Quintelas, C., Mesquita, D. P., & Ferreira, E. C. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19207-4.00002-1
Algal systems for wastewater treatment
Nguyen, K. A., & Nguyen, T.-T. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23662-4.00009-3
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- Authors
- Mojiri, A., Baharlooeian, M., Kazeroon, R. A., Farraji, H., & Lou, Z.
- Affiliations
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology (IR)
- Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology (CN)
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Mojiri, Amin
- Venue
- Microorganisms
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-22
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4
- ISSN
- 2076-2607 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7822045
- OpenAlex
- W3115220812
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Microorganisms (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Keywords
- pharmaceutical micropollutants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, biochar, Chaetoceros muelleri, microalgae, carbamazepine, sulfamethazine, tramadol, photobioreactors, artificial neural networks, cell viability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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