Clayey Soil Strength Improvement by Using Alkali Activated Slag Reinforcing
Open accessAbstract
There are many studies related to using alkali activated binders for the improvement of clayey soil mechanical properties. In this study, alkali activated slag (AAS) for the improvement of clayey soil strength was used and it reinforced the clay. This paper presents results of an investigation on the utilization of ground-granulated blast-furnace slag in the reinforcement of clay soils. Therefore, significant cost savings could be achieved by using alkali activated slag as binding material. These samples were analyzed by X-Ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and strength tests after the curing. The clay samples reinforced with AAS showed higher shear stress, cohesion and internal friction angle compared with the samples without reinforcement. The highest shear strength was achieved by using the highest amount of AAS (30%). This shear stress of the unreinforced clay samples could be increased from 63.2 to 137.4 kPa (117.4%) and from 123.2 to 257.4 kPa (108.9%) when the normal stress value of 100 and 500 kPa was used, respectively. The increase in shear strength is closely related to the compact contact zone between AAS and clay. Moreover, the new formed cementitious compounds of AAS had a positive influence on the shear strength of samples as well.
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Generated gel can promote connection between soil and soil, and soil and fly ash; fly ash appears as microbeads, and its outer layer is destroyed in alkaline environment, increasing contact with soil, thus increasing internal friction angle.
“However, the generated gel can also promote the connection between soil and soil, and soil and fly ash [33], and the fly ash appears as microbeads, and the outer layer is destroyed in the alkaline environment, increasing the contact with the soil, thus increasing the internal friction angle.”
From Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Alkali-Activated Fly Ash (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn AABS, NaOH provides a strong alkaline environment, inducing chemical reaction of amorphous silica and alumina in fly ash to generate N-A-S-H and C-S-H, which enhance connection between soil interiors and between soil and fly ash; these hydration products solidify and harden, fill soil interiors, and inhibit water-induced swelling.
“The analysis concluded that in AABS, NaOH can provide a strong alkaline environment, which induces the chemical reaction of amorphous silica and alumina in fly ash to generate substances such as N-A-S-H, C-S-H, which enhance the connection between soil interiors and between soil and fly ash”
From Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Alkali-Activated Fly Ash (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEDS analysis shows Si, Al, Na and Ca distributed in the mixtures, indicating the coexistence of C-S-H and (C,N)-A-S-H, the latter incorporating sodium cations from the activator.
“These elements are distributed in the mixtures and indicate the coexistence of C-S-H and (C,N)-A-S-H, the latter incorporating sodium cations from the activator [33].”
From Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Alkali-Activated Fly Ash (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
Section 3.3 reports C-S-H and C-A-S-H phases in the alkali-activated slag–clay contact zone. It does not report EDS evidence that Si, Al, Na and Ca are distributed through the mixtures, or identify sodium incorporation in a (C,N)-A-S-H phase. The reported phase is C-A-S-H, not specifically (C,N)-A-S-H. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Alkali-Activated Fly Ash
Wang, H., Liu, T., Yan, C., & Wang, J. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11051550 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Žurinskas, D., Vaičiukynienė, D., Stelmokaitis, G., & Doroševas, V.
- Affiliations
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Kaunas University of Technology (LT)
- Corresponding author
- Vaičiukynienė, Danutė
- Stelmokaitis, Gediminas
- Venue
- Minerals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-11-30
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1076
- ISSN
- 2075-163X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3108600640
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Minerals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- KTUePubl (Repository of Kaunas University of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Grouting, Rheology, and Soil Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
- Keywords
- alkali-activated slag, clay soil, soil reinforcement, ground granulated blast furnace slag, shear strength, cohesion, internal friction angle, cementitious materials, soil stabilization, contact zone
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