Metal and oxide sublimation from lunar regolith: a kinetics study
Open accessAbstract
When considering the extraction of metals from lunar regolith for use in space, one reductive method of interest is vacuum thermal dissociation. Given the high vacuum environment on the Moon, the sub-liquidus operation of such a process, i.e., sublimation, warrants investigation. In the current work, the kinetics of the vacuum sublimation of the more volatile major oxides found in the lunar regolith, Na2O, K2O, and FeO, are evaluated. Two distinct factors are accounted for in the current work: the change in the evaporation flux due to temperature; and the reduction in available surface area for evaporation due to sintering of the feedstock. Surface area change due to the sintering of compressed LMS-1 regolith simulant pellets was quantified via a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The surface area of the samples was measured to vary from 3.29 m2/g in the unsintered sample, to 1.04 m2/g in the samples sintered at 800 °C, and down to 0.09 m2/g in the sample sintered at 1150 °C. Evaporation flux was calculated using the Hertz–Knudsen–Langmuir equation using saturated vapor pressures predicted from the FactSage thermochemical package and verified against Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectroscopy data from tests conducted on lunar regolith sample #12022. The combination of these studies resulted in the conclusion that no local maxima in evaporation rate below the melting point was found for the current system, as such the highest rate of sublimation was determined to be 1200 °C for all species, at temperatures of 1200 °C and above, partial melting of the material occurs. The predicted maximum rate of sublimation for the species Fe, Na, and K at 1200 °C was 0.08, 1.38, and 1.02 g/h/g of regolith, respectively. It is noted that significant variation was seen between FactSage predictions of saturated vapor pressures and the measured values. Future work generating detailed thermochemical databases to predict the behavior of complex systems similar in composition to lunar regolith would benefit the accuracy of similar kinetic studies in the future.
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Shaw et al. findings demonstrate the kinetic feasibility of sublimation for Na and K under sub-liquidus conditions, while thermodynamically viable Fe sublimation is constrained by kinetics.
“Their findings demonstrate the kinetic feasibility of sublimation for Na and K under sub-liquidus conditions, while thermodynamically viable Fe sublimation is constrained by kinetics.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [108]
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- Authors
- Shaw, M., Humbert, M., Brooks, G., Rhamdhani, M., Duffy, A., & Pownceby, M.
- Affiliations
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Shaw, Matthew
- Venue
- Minerals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79
- ISSN
- 2075-163X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4313583388
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Minerals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Exploration and Technology
- Keywords
- lunar regolith, sublimation kinetics, sintering, surface area reduction, evaporation flux, saturated vapor pressure, Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, FeO, partial melting
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