Variation in antioxidant attributes at three ripening stages of guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruit from different geographical regions of Pakistan
Open accessAbstract
The present investigation was carried out to appraise the levels of total phenols and vitamin C as well as antioxidant potential at three different ripening stages (un-ripe, semi-ripe and fully-ripe) of guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruit collected from three different geographical regions of Pakistan (Islamabad, Faisalabad and Bhakkar). The antioxidant potential of guava fruit extracts was assessed by means of different in-vitro antioxidant assays, namely inhibition of peroxidation in linoleic acid system, reducing power and radical scavenging capability. Overall, fruit at the un-ripe stage (G1) exhibited the highest levels of TPC, TFC, reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging activity, followed by the semi-ripe (G2) and fully-ripe (G3) stages. On the other hand, vitamin C content increased as the fruit maturity progressed, with highest value seen at the fully-ripe stage (G3) followed by the semi-ripe (G2) and un-ripe stage (G1). The concentration of vitamin C in fruits varied as: Faisalabad (136.4-247.9 mg 100 g⁻¹), Islamabad (89.7-149.7 mg 100 g⁻¹) and Bhakkar (73.1-129.5 mg 100 g⁻¹). The results showed that different stages of maturation and geographical locations had profound effects on the antioxidant activity and vitamin C contents of guava fruit.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Citruses contain a significantly lower but sufficient amount of vitamin C compared to the richest sources.
“Compared to the richest sources of the vitamin, citruses contain a significantly lower but sufficient amount of vitamin C [22,23,24,25].”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
Section 2.7 reports vitamin C levels in guava at different ripening stages, but does not compare them with citrus or assess whether citrus provides a sufficient amount. Searches for citrus and for a guava–citrus vitamin C comparison found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Thaipong, K., Boonprakob, U., Crosby, K. M., Cisneros‐Zevallos, L., & Byrne, D. (2006) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2006.01.003 · Cited by 3,649 · see citing works
Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence
Valko, M., Izakovic, M., Mazur, M., Rhodes, C. J., & Telser, J. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1023/b:mcbi.0000049134.69131.89 · Cited by 1,820 · see citing works
Wang, S. Y., & Lin, H.-S. (2000) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf9908345 · Cited by 1,380 · see citing works
A Systematic Screening of Total Antioxidants in Dietary Plants
Halvorsen, B. L., Holte, K., Myhrstad, M. C. W., Barikmo, I., Hvattum, E., Remberg, S. F., Wold, A.-B., Haffner, K., Baugerød, H., Andersen, L. F., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.3.461 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants
Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S. J., & Shahabimajd, N. (2006) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY · doi:10.4314/ajb.v5i11.42999 · Cited by 961 · see citing works
Psidium guajava: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology
Gutiérrez, R. M. P., Mitchell, S. A., & Solís, R. C. V. (2008) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.025 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Processed Sweet Corn Has Higher Antioxidant Activity
Dewanto, V., Wu, X., & Liu, R. H. (2002) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0255937 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Antioxidant Activity of Water Extract of Harng Jyur (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat)
Duh, P., Tu, Y.-Y., & Yen, G. (1999) · LWT · doi:10.1006/fstl.1999.0548 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Božin, B. N., Mimica–Dukić, N., Simin, N. Đ., & Anačkov, G. (2006) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf051922u · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Siddhuraju, P. (2002) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00179-6 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Antioxidant Activity of Dietary Fruits, Vegetables, and Commercial Frozen Fruit Pulps
Hassimotto, N. M. A., Genovese, M. I., & Lajolo, F. M. (2005) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf047894h · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves
Arabshahi-Delouee, S., & Urooj, A. (2006) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.07.013 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Iqbal, S., Bhanger, M. I., & Anwar, F. (2005) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.09.024 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Plant Growth Temperature on Antioxidant Capacity in Strawberry
Wang, S. Y., & Zheng, W. (2001) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0106244 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Effect of storage temperatures on antioxidant capacity and aroma compounds in strawberry fruit
Ayala-Zavala, J. F., Wang, S. Y., Wang, C. Y., & González-Aguilar, G. A. (2004) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2004.03.002 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Antioxidant activity of anthraquinones and anthrone
Yen, G. (2000) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(00)00108-4 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
van der Sluis, A. A., Dekker, M., de Jager, A., & Jongen, W. M. F. (2001) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf001493u · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Castrejón, A. D. R., Eichholz, I., Rohn, S., et al. (2008) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.007 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Chen, H.-Y., & Yen, G. (2006) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.047 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Chemical changes and antioxidant activity in pomegranate arils during fruit development
Kulkarni, A. P., & Aradhya, S. M. (2004) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.09.029 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Manosroi, J., Dhumtanom, P., & Manosroi, A. (2005) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.021 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Antioxidant Properties of Bran Extracts from “Akron” Wheat Grown at Different Locations
Yu, L., Perret, J., Harris, M., Wilson, J., & Haley, S. D. (2003) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf020950z · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Iqbal, S., & Bhanger, M. I. (2005) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2005.05.001 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Wang, L., Chen, S., Kong, W., Li, S., & Archbold, D. D. (2006) · Postharvest Biology and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.04.010 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Chinnici, F., Bendini, A., Gaiani, A., & Riponi, C. (2004) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf049770a · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Compositional changes during guava fruit ripening
Bashir, H. A., & Abu-Goukh, A.-B. A. (2003) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00345-x · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Variation in content of bioactive components in broccoli
Jeffery, E. H., Brown, A., Kurilich, A. C., Keck, A.-S., Matusheski, N. V., Klein, B. P., & Juvik, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/s0889-1575(03)00045-0 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Connor, A. M., Luby, J. J., Tong, C. B. S., Finn, C. E., & Hancock, J. F. (2002) · Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science · doi:10.21273/jashs.127.1.89 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis caused by the oxidation of nucleic acids
Nakabeppu, Y., Sakumi, K., Sakamoto, K., Tsuchimoto, D., Tsuzuki, T., & Nakatsu, Y. (2006) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/bc.2006.050 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Cordenunsi, B. R., do Nascimento, J. R. O., Genovese, M. I., et al. (2002) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf011421i · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Shin, Y., Ryu, J.-A., Liu, R. H., et al. (2008) · Postharvest Biology and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.02.008 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Antidiabetic effects of extracts from Psidium guajava
Oh, W. K., Lee, C. H., Lee, M. S., Bae, E. Y., Sohn, C., Oh, H., Kim, B. Y., & Ahn, J. S. (2004) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.041 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Chemical composition of acerola fruit (Malpighia punicifolia L.) at three stages of maturity
Vendramini, A. L. D. A., & Trugo, L. C. (2000) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(00)00152-7 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Antioxidant properties of guava fruit : comparison with some local fruits
Lim, Y. Y., Lim, T. T., & Tee, J. J. (2006) · Sunway Institutional Repository (Sunway University) · Cited by 180 · see citing works
The Antioxidant Activity of the Leaves of Cydonia vulgaris
Yıldırım, A., Oktay, M., & Bulaloulu, V. (2001) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Soares, F. D., Pereira, T. N. S., Marques, M. O. M., et al. (2005) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.07.061 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Kondo, S., Kittikorn, M., & Kanlayanarat, S. (2005) · Postharvest Biology and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2005.02.003 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Zulueta, A., Esteve, M. J., Frasquet, I., & Frígola, A. (2006) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.052 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H. Z. E., & Rahmat, A. B. (2011) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · doi:10.5897/jmpr.9000540 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Huang, R.-H., Xia, R., Hu, L., et al. (2007) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2007.03.010 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Kalt, W., Lawand, C., Ryan, D. A. J., et al. (2003) · Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science · doi:10.21273/jashs.128.6.0917 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ojewole, J. A. O. (2006) · Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1358/mf.2006.28.7.1003578 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Assunção, R. B., & Mercadante, A. Z. (2003) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/s0889-1575(03)00098-x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Biochemistry of Fruit Ripening of Guava (Psidium guajava L.): Compositional and Enzymatic Changes
Jain, N., Dhawan, K., Malhotra, S. P., & Singh, R. (2003) · Plant Foods for Human Nutrition · doi:10.1023/b:qual.0000040285.50062.4b · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Effect of Five Different Stages of Ripening on Chemical Compounds in Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.)
Rop, O., Sochor, J., Juríková, T., Zítka, O., Škutková, H., Mlček, J., Salaš, P., KRŠKA, B., Babula, P., Adam, V., et al. (2010) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules16010074 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Gomez, M. L. P., & Lajolo, F. M. (2008) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.3042 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Ahmed, C. B., Rouina, B. B., Şensoy, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf8034379 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Phenol Compounds—Qualitative Index in Small Fruits
Kondakova, V., Tsvetkov, I., Batchvarova, R., Badjakov, I. K., Dzhambazova, T., & Slavov, S. B. (2009) · Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment · doi:10.2478/v10133-009-0024-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Healthcare use for diarrhoea and dysentery in actual and hypothetical cases, Nha Trang, Viet Nam.
Kaljee, L., Thiểm, V. Đ., von Seidlein, L., et al. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Determination of the degree of polymerization of leucoanthocyanidins
Lewak, S. (1968) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)88246-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Halilova, H., & YILDIZ, N. (2009) · Scientific Research and Essays · doi:10.5897/sre.9000365 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wetwitayaklung, P., Sarunyakasitharin, K., & Phaechamud, T. (2009) · SWU eJournals System (Srinakharinwirot University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genetically evolved papaya (carica) and its future in Sindh, Pakistan
Panhwar, F. (2005) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Faulks (2000) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(20000515)80:7
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [41]Gordon M.H. The Mechansism of the Antioxidant Action in Vitro Food Antioxidants Hudson B.J.F. Elsevier London, UK 1999 1 18
- [53]Cordenunsi B.R. Nascimento J.R.O. Genovese M.I. Lajolo F.M. Influence of cultivar on quality parameters and chemical composition of strawberry fruits grown in Brazil J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002 50 2581 2586 10.1021/jf011421i 11958626 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination
Doseděl, M., Jirkovský, E., Macáková, K., Krčmová, L., Javorská, L., Pourová, J., Mercolini, L., Remião, F., Nováková, L., Mladěnka, P., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020615 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gull, J., Sultana, B., Anwar, F., Naseer, R., Ashraf, M., & Ashrafuzzaman, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad (PK)
- University of Sargodha (PK)
- King Saud University (SA)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Sultana, Bushra
- Ashrafuzzaman, M.
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2012-03-14
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 3165-3180
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6268954
- OpenAlex
- W2079084922
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 7.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Psidium guajava Extracts and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management
- Keywords
- guava, fruit ripening stages, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, vitamin C, DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, lipid peroxidation inhibition, regional variation, fruit maturity
- MeSH terms
- Ascorbic Acid, Biphenyl Compounds, Flavonoids, Fruit, Pakistan, Phenols, Picrates, Plant Extracts, Lipid Peroxidation, Free Radical Scavengers, Reducing Agents, Linoleic Acid, Psidium
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
