In vitro and in vivo metabolism of verproside in rats
Open accessAbstract
Verproside, a catalpol derivative iridoid glycoside isolated from Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum, is a biologically active compound with anti-inflammatory, antinociceptic, antioxidant, and anti-asthmatic properties. Twenty-one metabolites were identified in bile and urine samples obtained after intravenous administration of verproside in rats using liquid chromatography-quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Verproside was metabolized by O-methylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and hydrolysis to verproside glucuronides (M1 and M2), verproside sulfates (M3 and M4), picroside II (M5), M5 glucuronide (M7), M5 sulfate (M9), isovanilloylcatalpol (M6), M6 glucuronide (M8), M6 sulfate (M10), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (M11), M11 glucuronide (M12), M11 sulfates (M13 and M14), 3-methyoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (M15), M15 glucuronides (M17 and M18), M15 sulfate (M20), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid (M16), M16 glucuronide (M19), and M16 sulfate (M21). Incubation of verproside with rat hepatocytes resulted in thirteen metabolites (M1–M11, M13, and M14). Verproside sulfate, M4 was a major metabolite in rat hepatocytes. After intravenous administration of verproside, the drug was recovered in bile (0.77% of dose) and urine (4.48% of dose), and O-methylation of verproside to picroside II (M5) and isovanilloylcatalpol (M6) followed by glucuronidation and sulfation was identified as major metabolic pathways compared to glucuronidation and sulfation of verproside in rats.
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Verproside is predominantly metabolized to picroside II in vivo.
“Verproside is predominantly metabolized to picroside II in vivo [18].”
From Picroside II Isolated from Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum Inhibits Glucocorticoid Refractory Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Expression and SAA-induced IL-33 Secretion (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
The Results and Discussion identify picroside II as a verproside metabolite and report more of it than isovanilloylcatalpol in rat bile and urine. The Conclusions describe O-methylation to both compounds, followed by glucuronidation and sulfation, as the major pathway in rats; they do not establish picroside II alone as the predominant product in vivo generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVerproside is predominantly metabolized to picroside II in vivo.
“However, verproside is predominantly metabolized to picroside II in vivo [35].”
From Picroside II Attenuates Airway Inflammation by Downregulating the Transcription Factor GATA3 and Th2-Related Cytokines in a Mouse Model of HDM-Induced Allergic Asthma (2016) · cites this paper as [35]
The Results and Discussion report that picroside II was recovered in rat bile and urine and that O-methylation was a major metabolic pathway after intravenous verproside administration. The Conclusions describe that pathway as producing both picroside II and isovanilloylcatalpol, followed by further metabolism; they do not establish picroside II alone as the predominant in vivo product generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Choi, J., Choi, B. K., Kim, J. S., Lee, J.-W., Park, H. A., Ryu, H. W., Lee, S. U., Hwang, K. W., Yun, W.-K., Kim, H.-C., et al. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167098 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, K., Choi, J., Choi, B. K., Gu, Y.-M., Ryu, H. W., Oh, S.-R., & Lee, H.-J. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24102020 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Kim, M., Hwang, D.-K., Jeong, H.-U., Ji, H., Oh, S.-R., Lee, Y., Yoo, J., Shin, D., & Lee, H.
- Affiliations
- Catholic University of Korea (KR)
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KR)
- Central R&D Institute, Yungjin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Suwon 443-270, Korea
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Hye
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2012-10-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 11990-12002
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6268120
- OpenAlex
- W2006738273
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- KRIBB Repository (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- Ministry of Knowledge Economy (10039303)
- National Research Foundation of Korea (10039303)
- Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Traditional Chinese Medicine Analysis
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Keywords
- iridoid glycosides, drug metabolism, picroside II, O-methylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, hydrolysis, hepatocyte incubation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Male, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Hepatocytes, Rats, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Iridoid Glucosides
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