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Cited by 148Natural product bioactivities and synthesisSteroid Chemistry and BiochemistryGinseng Biological Effects and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Recent Advances in Biotransformation of Saponins

Open access
He, Yi, Hu, Zhuoyu, Li, Aoran, Zhu, Zhenzhou, Yang, Ning, Ying, Zixuan, He, Jingren, Wang, Chengtao, Yin, Sheng, Cheng, Shuiyuan·2019·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules24132365PMC PMC6650892
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Abstract

Saponins are a class of glycosides whose aglycones can be either triterpenes or helical spirostanes. It is commonly recognized that these active ingredients are widely found in various kinds of advanced plants. Rare saponins, a special type of the saponins class, are able to enhance bidirectional immune regulation and memory, and have anti-lipid oxidation, anticancer, and antifatigue capabilities, but they are infrequent in nature. Moreover, the in vivo absorption rate of saponins is exceedingly low, which restricts their functions. Under such circumstances, the biotransformation of these ingredients from normal saponins—which are not be easily adsorbed by human bodies—is preferred nowadays. This process has multiple advantages, including strong specificity, mild conditions, and fewer byproducts. In this paper, the biotransformation of natural saponins—such as ginsenoside, gypenoside, glycyrrhizin, saikosaponin, dioscin, timosaponin, astragaloside and ardipusilloside—through microorganisms (Aspergillus sp., lactic acid bacteria, bacilli, and intestinal microbes) will be reviewed and prospected.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/molecules24132365

Cites

73 of 73 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Chemical structures of triterpenoid saponin (1) and steroidal saponins (2). R = sugar moiety.
Figure 1 Chemical structures of triterpenoid saponin (1) and steroidal saponins (2). R = sugar moiety.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 The chemical structures of compound 4,5.
Figure 2 The chemical structures of compound 4,5.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 The chemical structures of compound 17,18.
Figure 3 The chemical structures of compound 17,18.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Ginsenoside transformation pathway.
Figure 4 Ginsenoside transformation pathway.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 The chemical structures of compound 19–27.
Figure 5 The chemical structures of compound 19–27.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 The chemical structures of compound 28–35.
Figure 6 The chemical structures of compound 28–35.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Metabolic pathway of Gyp-III in vivo.
Figure 7 Metabolic pathway of Gyp-III in vivo.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 The chemical structures of compound 37–39.
Figure 8 The chemical structures of compound 37–39.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Glycyrrhetinic acid conversion pathway.
Figure 9 Glycyrrhetinic acid conversion pathway.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 The chemical structures of compound 40–44.
Figure 10 The chemical structures of compound 40–44.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 The chemical structures of compound 50–61.
Figure 11 The chemical structures of compound 50–61.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 The chemical structures of compound 62–65.
Figure 12 The chemical structures of compound 62–65.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 13 The chemical structures of compound 66,67.
Figure 13 The chemical structures of compound 66,67.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 14 Transformation of diosgenin in rat intestinal flora.
Figure 14 Transformation of diosgenin in rat intestinal flora.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 15 The chemical structures of compound 75–80.
Figure 15 The chemical structures of compound 75–80.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 16 The proposed metabolic pathway of TB-II in rat [68].
Figure 16 The proposed metabolic pathway of TB-II in rat [68].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 17 Astragaloside through human intestinal flora transformation pathway.
Figure 17 Astragaloside through human intestinal flora transformation pathway.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 18 The chemical structures of compound 103–106.
Figure 18 The chemical structures of compound 103–106.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 19 Transformation pathway of ADS-I.
Figure 19 Transformation pathway of ADS-I.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

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Show all 73 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Yamada, 1994, Biochemistry Transformation of Glycyrrhizic Acid by Aspergillus spp., B Chem. Soc. Jpn., 58, 436
  2. Gao, 2017, Microbial Transformation of Gracillin by Penicillium Lilacinum ACCC 31890, China Pharm., 20, 988
  3. Meng, 2018, Investigation on Biotransformation Characteristics of Astragalosides in Human Intestinal Microbiota, Food Drug, 20, 161
  4. Cao, 2015, Study on biotransformation of Ardipusilloside-I by cultured human intestinal flora in vitro, Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa, 27, 1357

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Metadata

Authors
He, Y., Hu, Z., Li, A., Zhu, Z., Yang, N., Ying, Z., He, J., Wang, C., Yin, S., & Cheng, S.
Affiliations
  • Wuhan Polytechnic University (CN)
  • Beijing Technology and Business University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • He, Jingren
  • Wang, Chengtao
  • Cheng, Shuiyuan
ORCID
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-06-26
Volume
24
Issue
13
Pages
2365
ISSN
1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/molecules24132365
PMC
PMC6650892
OpenAlex
W2954230857
Cited by
148
References
73
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1
FWCI
1.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (31701590)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications
Keywords
saponins, biotransformation, microbial transformation, ginsenosides, gypenosides, glycyrrhizin, saikosaponins, dioscin, astragaloside, bioavailability, gut microbiota, lactic acid bacteria, Aspergillus, Bacillus, anticancer activity, anti-fatigue activity
MeSH terms
Biotransformation, Humans, Saponins, Molecular Structure, Metabolic Networks and Pathways

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