Quali–Quantitative Characterization of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds in Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand Resin by GC–MS Validated Method, GC–FID and HPLC–HRMS2
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Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (PH) trees are endemic to the tropical region of South America, mostly Brazil. Antibacterial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant and anti-hyperlipidemic/anti-hypercholesterolemic effects were reported for its resinous exudate Protiumheptaphyllum resin (PHR). This work aims to provide a qualitative and quantitative consistent chemical profiling of the major constituents of this resin and two extracts enriched in acid (acidic triterpene concentrated extract, ATCE) and neutral triterpenes (α and β-amyrin concentrated extract, AMCE). GC–MS/GC–FID was used for volatile terpene fraction, a validated GC–MS method was developed for quantification of neutral α and β-amyrin and HPLC–APCI HRMS2 was used for acidic triterpenes analysis. The chemical investigation reported 29 molecules, including 14 volatile terpenes, 6 neutral triterpenes and 11 acid triterpenes. The most abundant compounds were α-amyrin (251.28 g kg−1, 123.98 g kg−1 and 556.82 g kg−1 in PHR, ATCE and AMCE, respectively), β-amyrin (172.66 g kg−1, 95.39 g kg−1 and 385.58 g kg−1 in PHR, ATCE and AMCE, respectively), 3-oxo-tirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid (80.64 g kg−1, 157.10 g kg−1 and 15.31 g kg−1 in PHR, ATCE and AMCE, respectively) and 3α-hydroxy-tirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (77.71 g kg−1, 130.40 g kg−1 and 11.64 g kg−1 in PHR, ATCE and AMCE, respectively). Results showed specific enrichment of acidic and neutral triterpenoids in the two respective extracts.
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GC-MS technologies are commonly used for qualitative identification and precise quantitative determination of unknown compounds.
“It is common to use GCMS technologies for qualitative identification and the precise quantitative determination of unknown compounds [69].”
From Thermal Analysis Technologies for Biomass Feedstocks: A State-of-the-Art Review (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
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- Authors
- Asteggiano, A., Occhipinti, A., Capuzzo, A., Mecarelli, E., Aigotti, R., & Medana, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Turin (IT)
- Abel Nutraceuticals S.r.l. Via Paolo Veronese 202, 10148 Turin, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Asteggiano, Alberto
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-03-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1447
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7962098
- OpenAlex
- W3134715385
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Torino
- Regione Piemonte
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
- Keywords
- tree resin, chemical profiling, triterpenoids, amyrin, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, volatile terpenes, GC-MS method validation
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Plant Extracts, Resins, Plant, Terpenes, Triterpenes, Reproducibility of Results, Burseraceae, Pentacyclic Triterpenes, Volatile Organic Compounds
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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