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Cited by 39Advanced Proteomics Techniques and ApplicationsAntimicrobial Peptides and ActivitiesProtein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides

Unveiling Putative Functions of Mucus Proteins and Their Tryptic Peptides in Seven Gastropod Species Using Comparative Proteomics and Machine Learning-Based Bioinformatics Predictions

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Tachapuripunya, Viroj, Roytrakul, Sittiruk, Chumnanpuen, Pramote, E-kobon, Teerasak·2021·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules26113475PMC PMC8201360
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Abstract

Gastropods are among the most diverse animals. Gastropod mucus contains several glycoproteins and peptides that vary by species and habitat. Some bioactive peptides from gastropod mucus were identified only in a few species. Therefore, using biochemical, mass spectrometric, and bioinformatics approaches, this study aimed to comprehensively identify putative bioactive peptides from the mucus proteomes of seven commonly found or commercially valuable gastropods. The mucus was collected in triplicate samples, and the proteins were separated by 1D-SDS-PAGE before tryptic digestion and peptide identification by nano LC-MS/MS. The mucus peptides were subsequently compared with R scripts. A total of 2818 different peptides constituting 1634 proteins from the mucus samples were identified, and 1218 of these peptides (43%) were core peptides found in the mucus of all examined species. Clustering and correspondence analyses of 1600 variable peptides showed unique mucous peptide patterns for each species. The high-throughput k-nearest neighbor and random forest-based prediction programs were developed with more than 95% averaged accuracy and could identify 11 functional categories of putative bioactive peptides and 268 peptides (9.5%) with at least five to seven bioactive properties. Antihypertensive, drug-delivering, and antiparasitic peptides were predominant. These peptides provide an understanding of gastropod mucus, and the putative bioactive peptides are expected to be experimentally validated for further medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.

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  • Mass spectrometric analysis identified 175 proteins in the mucus traces left by snails during movement, twenty-nine of which had no analogs in the database of unique protein sequences; twenty-two correspond to secretory proteins, including a perlucin-like protein.

    “Using mass spectrometric analysis, the researchers identified 175 proteins in the mucus traces left by snails during movement, twenty-nine of which had no analogs in the database of unique protein sequences. Of the detected mucus proteins, twenty-two correspond to secretory proteins, including a perlucin-like protein.”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [10]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of C. aspersum mucus depend on snails' housing conditions, the season, the diet, the collection method, the species of snail, the methods of mucus preservation, and the type of secretory glands and tissue structures.

    “Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of mucus depend on snails’ housing conditions, the season, the diet, the collection method, the species of snail, the methods of mucus preservation (freezing, sublimation, etc.), the type of secretory glands and tissue structures, etc.”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Introduction and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) say mucus composition varies among gastropod species and with gland and tissue structure; the Discussion also suggests environmental influences. The paper does not establish the claimed effects of season, diet, collection method, or preservation method, and it does not study C. aspersum mucus specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Many mucus trace proteins are annotated with well-known structural proteins, including collagen and actin, as well as hemocyanin, which is capable of binding oxygen.

    “Many mucus trace proteins are annotated with well-known structural proteins, including collagen and actin, as well as hemocyanin, which is capable of binding oxygen.”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [10]

    Results §2.1 reports functional annotation of mucus proteins, including proteins associated with the cytoskeleton and collagen trimer; the Discussion also names collagens among proteins from which mucus peptides were derived. Our copy does not identify actin or hemocyanin among the mucus proteins or state that an identified protein binds oxygen (searched: actin, hemocyanin, oxygen). (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Mucus contains acidic glycoproteins, calcium salts, proteins, or fat globules and flavones depending on gland localization and the cell type producing mucus.

    “It was also found that mucus contained either acidic glycoproteins, calcium salts, proteins, or fat globules and flavones, depending on the gland localization and, accordingly, the cell type producing mucus.”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Introduction (page not provided) says mucus content varies with secretory-gland and tissue structure and describes glands associated with acid mucopolysaccharides, calcium, and proteins. The Discussion (page not provided) also links mucus-peptide variation to gland and epithelial cell types. Our copy does not establish the claimed list of acidic glycoproteins, calcium salts, fat globules, and flavones; in particular, it does not mention fat globules or flavones. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • C. aspersum mucus facilitates snail feeding, locomotion on different surfaces, skin protection, hydration, adhesion, defense against infection and predators, and mate attraction for reproduction.

    “The mucus facilitates snail feeding, locomotion on different surfaces, skin protection, hydration, adhesion, and defense against infection and predators, or even to attract mates for reproduction [10,11,27].”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Introduction (page not provided) lists feeding, locomotion, skin protection, hydration, adhesion, and defense as functions of gastropod mucus, and specifically mentions H. aspersa mucus in mate attraction. It does not establish every listed function specifically for C. aspersum or say that locomotion occurs on different surfaces. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Tachapuripunya, V., Roytrakul, S., Chumnanpuen, P., & E-kobon, T.
Affiliations
  • Kasetsart University (TH)
  • National Science and Technology Development Agency (TH)
Corresponding author
E-kobon, Teerasak
ORCID
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-06-07
Volume
26
Issue
11
Pages
3475
ISSN
1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/molecules26113475
PMC
PMC8201360
OpenAlex
W3166468220
Cited by
39
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9
FWCI
2.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Kasetsart University
  • National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
  • Thailand Science Park
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced Proteomics Techniques and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
Keywords
mucus proteome, bioactive peptides, tryptic peptides, antihypertensive peptides, antiparasitic peptides, k-nearest neighbors, random forest, comparative proteomics
MeSH terms
Machine Learning, Animals, Chromatography, Liquid, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Mucus, Peptides, Computational Biology, Proteome, Proteomics, Gastropoda, Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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