CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 67

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Electro-Persulfate Processes for the Treatment of Complex Wastewater Matrices: Present and Future

Fernandes, Annabel, Nunes, Maria João, Rodrigues, Ana Sofia, Pacheco, Maria José, Ciríaco, Lurdes, Lopes, Ana·2021·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules26164821PMC PMC8401330
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Complex wastewater matrices present a major environmental concern. Besides the biodegradable organics, they may contain a great variety of toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and other xenobiotics. The electrochemically activated persulfate process, an efficient way to generate sulfate radicals, has been widely applied to the degradation of such complex effluents with very good results. This review presents the fundamentals of the electro-persulfate processes, highlighting the advantages and limitations, followed by an exhaustive evaluation on the application of this process for the treatment of complex industrial effluents. An overview of the main relevant experimental parameters/details and their influence on the organic load removal is presented and discussed, having in mind the application of these technologies at an industrial scale. Finally, the future perspectives for the application of the electro-persulfate processes in the treatment of complex wastewater matrices is outlined.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/molecules26164821

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The practically unchanged sulfate concentration after EO is explained by reaction of reactive sulfate species with dissolved organic matter and by reactions that occur when no DOM is available for oxidation, which restore sulfate ions in the TDW.

    “This is explained by the reaction of reactive sulfate species with dissolved organic matter (DOM) (Equation ( 8)) [35], and by reactions, such as that described in Equation (9), that occur when there is no DOM available for oxidation [33], which restore the sulfate ions in TDW.”

    From Reuse of Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treated by Electrooxidation (2022) · cites this paper as [33]

    Section 2 (Fundamentals of the Electro-Persulfate Processes; page unavailable) says sulfate radicals react with water and that persulfate regeneration after reactions with water or organics has been suggested. It does not say these reactions occur specifically when no DOM is available or that they explain an unchanged sulfate concentration in TDW. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • According to literature, sulfate radical is a strong and highly oxidizing species that presents higher redox potential than hydroxyl radicals or peroxodisulfate; it readily reacts at a wide range of pH values, promoting nonselective oxidation and efficient removal of a wide range of organic compounds [33].

    “According to the literature, the sulfate radical is a strong and highly oxidizing species that presents higher redox potential than that of hydroxyl radicals or peroxodisulfate.It readily reacts at a wide range of pH values, promoting the nonselective oxidation and efficient removal of a wide range of organic compounds [33].”

    From Reuse of Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treated by Electrooxidation (2022) · cites this paper as [33]

    Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The pH increase during EO can be attributed to cathode side reactions, to sulfate oxidation through hydroxyl radicals, and to formation of carbonates and bicarbonates from reaction of hydroxide ions with CO2 generated during oxidation of organic pollutants.

    “This increase in pH during the EO process is well described in the literature and can be attributed to: (i) side reactions that occur at the cathode, such as the reaction described in Equation ( 7); (ii) sulfate oxidation through hydroxyl radicals (Equations ( 4) and ( 5)); and (iii) formation of carbonates and bicarbonates, from the reaction between the hydroxide ions and the CO 2 generated”

    From Reuse of Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treated by Electrooxidation (2022) · cites this paper as [33]

    Section 2 (Fundamentals of the Electro-Persulfate Processes; page unavailable) describes sulfate-ion oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, supporting one reaction named in the claim. The passages on pH in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 do not attribute an increase during electrooxidation to that reaction, cathode side reactions, or carbonate and bicarbonate formation from CO₂. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • More recent studies on electro-persulfate processes show that when utilizing anode materials with high oxygen evolution potential, such as BDD, not only can peroxodisulfate be produced from oxidation of SO4 2-, but also sulfate radicals can be electrogenerated, either by sulfate ions direct oxidation or by oxidation through a hydroxyl radical [33].

    “In fact, more recent studies on electro-persulfate processes show that, when utilizing anode materials with high oxygen evolution potential, such as BDD, not only can peroxodisulfate be produced from the oxidation of SO 4 2-(Equation ( 2)), but also sulfate radicals can be electrogenerated, either by sulfate ions direct oxidation (Equation ( 3)) or by oxidation through a hydroxyl radical (Equation”

    From Reuse of Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treated by Electrooxidation (2022) · cites this paper as [33]

  • Peroxodisulfate can also be obtained through sulfate ions oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, and sulfate radicals can be generated from electrochemical activation of peroxodisulfate [33].

    “Moreover, peroxodisulfate can be also obtained through sulfate ions oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (Equation ( 5)) and sulfate radicals can be generated from the electrochemical activation of peroxodisulfate, according to Equation (6) [33].”

    From Reuse of Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treated by Electrooxidation (2022) · cites this paper as [33]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 45

  1. Shrivastava, 2017, Application of cell-based assays for toxicity characterization of complex wastewater matrices: Possible applications in wastewater recycle and reuse, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 142, 555, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.023 · DOI
  2. Brillas, 2015, Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review, Appl. Catal. B, 166–167, 603, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.11.016 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Giannakis, 2021, A review of the recent advances on the treatment of industrial wastewaters by Sulfate Radical-based Advanced Oxidation Processes (SR-AOPs), Chem. Eng. J., 406, 127083, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127083 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Zhi, 2020, Remediation of persistent organic pollutants in aqueous systems by electrochemical activation of persulfates: A review, J. Environ. Manag., 260, 110125, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110125 · DOI
  5. Yang, 2018, Electrochemical generation of persulfate and its performance on 4-bromophenol treatment, Sep. Purif. Technol., 207, 461, 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.06.071 · DOI
  6. Karim, 2021, Iron-based persulfate activation process for environmental decontamination in water and soil, Chemosphere, 265, 129057, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129057 · DOI
  7. Matzek, 2018, Understanding electrochemically activated persulfate and its application to ciprofloxacin abatement, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 5875, 10.1021/acs.est.8b00015 · DOI
  8. Matzek, 2016, Activated persulfate for organic chemical degradation: A review, Chemosphere, 151, 178, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.055 · DOI
  9. Guvenc, 2020, Energy consumption and efficiency improvement of electro-activated persulfate processes: Optimization by CCD for TOC Removal from leachate concentrate, Sigma J. Eng. Nat. Sci., 38, 1791
  10. Jaafarzadeh, 2017, Integration of coagulation and electro-activated HSO5−to treat pulp and paper wastewater, Sustain. Environ. Res., 27, 223, 10.1016/j.serj.2017.06.001 · DOI
  11. Ahmadi, 2016, Optimizing COD removal from greywater by photoelectro-persulfate process using Box-Behnken Design: Assessment of effluent quality and electrical energy consumption, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2, 19350, 10.1007/s11356-016-7139-6 · DOI
  12. Yuan, 2014, Electrolytic manipulation of persulfate reactivity by iron electrodes for trichloroethylene degradation in groundwater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 656, 10.1021/es404535q · DOI
  13. Varank, 2020, Modeling and optimizing electro-persulfate processes using Fe and Al electrodes for paper industry wastewater treatment, Water Sci. Tech., 81, 345, 10.2166/wst.2020.115 · DOI
  14. Wang, 2021, Different activation methods in sulfate radical-based oxidation for organic pollutants degradation: Catalytic mechanism and toxicity assessment of degradation intermediates, Sci. Total Environ., 772, 145522, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145522 · DOI
  15. Liu, 2014, In situ chemical oxidation of contaminated groundwater by persulfate: Decomposition by Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-containing oxides and aquifer materials, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 10330, 10.1021/es502056d · DOI
  16. Oh, W.D. (2016). Activation of Peroxymonosulfate by Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Removal of Organic Pollutants in Water. [Ph.D. Thesis, Nanyang Technological University].
  17. Oh, 2010, Degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by persulfate activated with zero-valent iron, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 3464, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.032 · DOI
  18. Silveira, 2018, Landfill leachate treatment by sequential combination of activated persulfate and Fenton oxidation, Waste Manag., 81, 220, 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.007 · DOI
  19. Darsinou, 2015, Sono-activated persulfate oxidation of bisphenol A: Kinetics, pathways and the controversial role of temperature, Chem. Eng. J., 280, 623, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.061 · DOI
  20. Yousefi, 2019, Mineralization of high saline petrochemical wastewater using Sonoelectro-activated persulfate: Degradation mechanisms and reaction kinetics, Microchem. J., 147, 1075, 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.020 · DOI
  21. Xue, 2020, Treatment of landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate after ultrafiltration by electrochemically assisted heat activation of peroxydisulfate, Sep. Purif. Technol., 231, 115928, 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115928 · DOI
  22. Chanikya, 2021, Treatment of dyeing wastewater by combined sulfate radical based electrochemical advanced oxidation and electrocoagulation processes, Sep. Purif. Technol., 254, 117570, 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117570 · DOI
  23. Chen, 2014, Mineralization of dinitrotoluenes in industrial wastewater by electro-activated persulfate oxidation, Chem. Eng. J., 252, 166, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.033 · DOI
  24. Ghanbari, 2019, Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes coupled with peroxymonosulfate for the treatment of real washing machine effluent: A comparative study, J. Electroanal. Chem., 847, 113182, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.05.064 · DOI
  25. Yang, 2020, Persulfate enhanced electrochemical oxidation of highly toxic cyanide-containing organic wastewater using boron-doped diamond anode, Chemosphere, 252, 126499, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126499 · DOI
  26. Onn, 2020, Colour and COD removal from mature landfill leachate using electro-persulphate oxidation process, Mater. Today Proc., 31, 69, 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.193 · DOI
  27. Varank, 2020, Concentrated leachate treatment by electro-Fenton and electro-persulfate processes using Central Composite Design, Int. J. Environ. Res., 14, 439, 10.1007/s41742-020-00269-y · DOI
  28. Varank, 2020, Electro-activated peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate oxidation of leachate nanofiltration concentrate: Multiple-response optimization, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 17, 2707, 10.1007/s13762-020-02651-x · DOI
  29. Guvenc, 2020, Box-Behnken Design optimization of electro-Fenton/-persulfate processes following the acidification for TSS removal from biodiesel wastewater, Sigma J. Eng. Nat. Sci., 38, 1767
  30. Guvenc, 2021, Electro-activated persulfate oxidation of biodiesel wastewater following acidification phase: Optimization of process parameters using Box–Behnken Design, Water Air Soil Pollut., 232, 10, 10.1007/s11270-020-04962-8 · DOI
  31. Bashir, 2017, Electro persulphate oxidation for polishing of biologically treated palm oil mill effluent (POME), J. Environ. Manag., 193, 458, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.031 · DOI
  32. Durna, 2021, Application of a multiple criteria analysis for the selection of appropriate radical based processes in treatment of car wash wastewater, Environ. Eng. Res., 26, 200115, 10.4491/eer.2020.115 · DOI
  33. Zhang, 2014, Removal of COD from landfill leachate by an electro/Fe2+/peroxydisulfate process, Chem. Eng. J., 250, 76, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.114 · DOI
  34. Cui, 2018, Electrochemical/peroxydisulfate/Fe3+ treatment of landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate after ultrafiltration, Chem. Eng. J., 353, 208, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.07.101 · DOI
  35. Popat, A., Nidheesh, P.V., Singh, T.A., and Kumar, M.S. (2019). Mixed industrial wastewater treatment by combined electrochemical advanced oxidation and biological processes. Chemosphere, 237. · DOI
  36. Yabalak, 2020, Application of the central composite design to mineralization of olive mill wastewater by the electro/FeII/persulfate oxidation method, SN Appl. Sci., 2, 1
  37. Yu, 2020, Electrochemical treatment of organic pollutants in landfill leachate using a three-dimensional electrode system, Chemosphere, 243, 125438, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125438 · DOI
  38. Zhang, 2019, Pretreatment of landfill leachate in near-neutral pH condition by persulfate activated Fe-C micro-electrolysis system, Chemosphere, 216, 749, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.168 · DOI
  39. Ahmadi, 2019, Treatment of a saline petrochemical wastewater containing recalcitrant organics using electro-Fenton process: Persulfate and ultrasonic intensification, Desalin. Water Treat., 169, 241, 10.5004/dwt.2019.24682 · DOI
  40. Johin, 2019, Sono-electro-chemical treatment of Reactive Black 5 dye and real textile effluent using MnSO4/Na2S2O8 electrolytes, Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 44, 9987, 10.1007/s13369-019-04159-0 · DOI
  41. Jorfi, 2020, Evaluating the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes for textile wastewater treatment: Electro-kinetic, sonochemical and persulfate, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, 40, 1
  42. Trellu, 2018, Electro-oxidation of organic pollutants by reactive electrochemical membranes, Chemosphere, 208, 159, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.026 · DOI
  43. Chaplin, 2019, The prospect of electrochemical technologies advancing worldwide water treatment, Acc. Chem. Res., 52, 596, 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00611 · DOI
  44. Chuah, C.Y., Lee, J., and Bae, T.-H. (2020). Graphene-based membranes for H2 separation: Recent progress and future perspective. Membranes, 10. · DOI
  45. Wang, J., and Wang, S. (2021). Toxicity changes of wastewater during various advanced oxidation processes treatment: An overview. J. Clean Prod., 315. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Fernandes, A., Nunes, M. J., Rodrigues, A. S., Pacheco, M. J., Ciríaco, L., & Lopes, A.
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-08-09
Volume
26
Issue
16
Pages
4821
ISSN
1420-3049
DOI
10.3390/molecules26164821
PMC
PMC8401330
Cited by
67
References
2
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Project UIDB/00195/2020, SFRH/BD/109901/2015, SFRH/BD/132436/2017)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review