The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 45 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Reuse of Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treated by Electrooxidation
Open accessAbstract
Wastewater reuse has been addressed to promote the sustainable water utilization in textile industry. However, conventional technologies are unable to deliver treated wastewater with the quality required for reuse, mainly due to the presence of dyes and high salinity. In this work, the feasibility of electrooxidation, using a boron-doped diamond anode, to provide treated textile dyeing wastewater (TDW) with the quality required for reuse, and with complete recovery of salts, was evaluated. The influence of the applied current density on the quality of treated TDW and on the consecutive reuse in new dyeing baths was studied. The ecotoxicological evaluation of the process towards Daphnia magna was performed. After 10 h of electrooxidation at 60 and 100 mA cm−2, discolorized treated TDW, with chemical oxygen demand below 200 (moderate-quality) and 50 mg L−1 (high-quality), respectively, was obtained. Salt content was unchanged in both treatment conditions, enabling the consecutive reuse without any salt addition. For the two reuse cycles performed, both treated samples led to dyed fabrics in compliance with the most restrictive controls, showing that an effective consecutive reuse can be achieved with a moderate-quality water. Besides the water reuse and complete salts saving, electrooxidation accomplished an ecotoxicity reduction up to 18.6-fold, allowing TDW reuse without severe ecotoxicity accumulation.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Electrooxidation with a boron-doped diamond anode treated wool dyeing wastewater to reusable quality while leaving sulfate salts unchanged, allowing consecutive dyeing-bath reuse without salt addition. Moderate-quality treated water (COD ≤ 200 mg L⁻¹) performed as well as high-quality water (COD ≤ 50 mg L⁻¹) in the dyeing tests.
Key findings
- After 10 h of electrooxidation, COD fell from (4.6 ± 0.1) × 10³ mg L⁻¹ to 163 ± 8 mg L⁻¹ at 60 mA cm⁻² and 45 ± 3 mg L⁻¹ at 100 mA cm⁻², corresponding to moderate- and high-quality reuse water, respectively.
- Sulfate concentration was practically unchanged: 672 ± 3 mg L⁻¹ before treatment, 670 ± 5 mg L⁻¹ after 60 mA cm⁻², and 672 ± 2 mg L⁻¹ after 100 mA cm⁻², enabling reuse without sodium sulfate addition.
- First reuse-cycle fabrics had ΔE* of 1.04 ± 0.07 (60 mA cm⁻²) and 1.00 ± 0.09 (100 mA cm⁻²); second reuse-cycle fabrics had ΔE* of 0.80 ± 0.03 and 0.80 ± 0.01, with color fastness to washing similar to the fresh-water control.
- Ecotoxicity toward *Daphnia magna* decreased: EC₅₀-48 h rose from 3.30% before treatment to 19.68% (60 mA cm⁻²) and 22.30% (100 mA cm⁻²); toxic units fell from 30.3 to 5.08 and 4.48, respectively.
Methods
- Textile dyeing wastewater was generated from dyeing 100% wool twill fabric with a trichromatic Nylosan acid dye mixture plus equalizer, humectant, sodium sulfate, and acetate buffer at pH 4.5, using a 1:50 fabric-to-bath ratio.
- Batch electrooxidation used an undivided cylindrical cell with 250 mL TDW, a Si/BDD anode and stainless-steel cathode (10 cm² each, 1 cm gap), stirred at 300 rpm; preliminary assays ran at 30, 60, and 100 mA cm⁻² for 10 h, and reuse assays used 60 and 100 mA cm⁻² for 10 h with five assays combined per condition.
- Characterization included COD, DOC, *Daphnia magna* ecotoxicity (Daphtoxkit F, OECD 202), sulfate by ion chromatography, pH, electrical conductivity, UV-vis absorbance at 436/525/620 nm, and dyeing performance by CIELab ΔE* (ISO 105-J03) and color fastness to washing (ISO 105-C06 A2S).
Limitations
- The paper states that further studies are needed to validate reuse with different quality levels and without salt addition/readjustment, including other anode materials, other fibers such as cotton or synthetics, and textile factories where dyeing wastewater is not separated from other streams without membrane processes.
- The paper notes that treated water pH exceeded the general textile reuse requirement of ≤8.0 and electrical conductivity exceeded <1.5 mS cm⁻¹, though pH was corrected during dyeing-bath preparation and high conductivity reflected retained salts.
- Evident from the text: the study is lab-scale, uses one wool dyeing wastewater/dye recipe, and evaluates only two consecutive reuse cycles.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
10 of 45 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
EAOPs are very effective in the treatment of textile dyeing wastewaters.
“Among the described technologies, the electrochemical advanced oxidative processes (EAOPs) are shown to be very effective in the treatment of textile dyeing wastewaters (TDW).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [6] Samsami, 2020, Recent advances in the treatment of dye-containing wastewater from textile industries: Overview and perspectives, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. source
- cites [7] Ramos, 2021, A review on the treatment of textile industry effluents through Fenton processes, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. source
- cites [8] Zhang, Y., Shaad, K., Vollmer, D., and Ma, C. (2021). Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using Advanced Oxidation Processes—A Critical Review. Water, 13. source
- cites [9] Mahyar, 2018, Application of a planar falling film reactor for decomposition and mineralization of methylene blue in the aqueous media via ozonation, Fenton, photocatalysis and non-thermal plasma: A comparative study, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. source
- Interpretationcitation
The variations in color parameters of fabrics dyed with treated TDW are mainly due to accumulation of byproducts from degradation of the dyes and auxiliary products, which influence the dyeing process in the exhaustion or fixation stages.
“These variations in the color parameters presented by the fabrics dyed with the treated TDW are, according to the literature, mainly due to the accumulation of byproducts from the degradation of the dyes and auxiliary products, which influence the dyeing process, in either exhaustion or fixation stages [22,31].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Valldeperas, 2011, Reuse of the water and salt of reactive dyeing effluent after electrochemical decolorisation, Color. Technol.
- cites [31] Hu, 2016, Regeneration and reuse of highly polluting textile dyeing effluents through catalytic ozonation with carbon aerogel catalysts, J. Clean. Prod. source
Section 3.3.1 (Color reproducibility) attributes the color-parameter variations to accumulated by-products of dye degradation that may affect exhaustion or fixation. It does not attribute those variations to by-products from degradation of auxiliary products. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingreasoning
The dye removal rate was higher in the first hours of assay, because more dye molecules were available to be oxidized.
“As it can be seen in Figure 3, the dye removal rate was higher in the first hours of assay, since more dye molecules were available to be oxidized.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
The pH and electrical conductivity of the TDW treated by EO at 60 and 100 mA cm-2 were higher than those required for wastewater reuse in the textile industry.
“the pH and the electrical conductivity values were higher than those required for wastewater reuse purposes in the textile industry [4]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Silva, 2018, Chemical and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes as a polishing step for textile wastewater treatment: A study regarding the discharge into the environment and the reuse in the textile industry, J. Clean. Prod. source
- Findingown data
Salt content was unchanged in both treatment conditions (60 and 100 mA cm-2, 10 h).
“Salt content was unchanged in both treatment conditions, enabling the consecutive reuse without any salt addition.”
- Also stated in: § 2.3. Reuse Experiments · plain
“since it was found that the sulfate ion concentration was maintained during the EO treatment”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 2.3. Reuse Experiments · plain
- Findingcitation
The TDW obtained from the primary dyeing process is classified as very toxic according to the toxicity classification based on toxic units reported by Pablos et al. [30].
“According to the toxicity classification based on toxic units (TU) reported by Pablos et al. [30], where the toxicity expressed in terms of TU is calculated according to Equation (1), the TDW obtained from the primary dyeing process is classified as very toxic.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pablos et al. [30] Pablos, 2011, Correlation between physicochemical and ecotoxicological approaches to estimate landfill leachates toxicity, Waste Manag. source
- Findingcitation
TDW samples obtained from the first reuse cycle presented higher dye contents (absorbances at 436, 525 and 620 nm) than the primary dyeing wastewater.
“TDW samples obtained from the first reuse cycle presented higher dye contents (given by the absorbances at 436, 525, and 620 nm) in comparison to those of the primary dyeing wastewater.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Electrooxidation accomplished an ecotoxicity reduction up to 18.6-fold.
“Besides the water reuse and complete salts saving, electrooxidation accomplished an ecotoxicity reduction up to 18.6-fold, allowing TDW reuse without severe ecotoxicity accumulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After 10 h of assay, the COD of the TDW samples was 468, 159, and 46 mg/L for EO experiments run at 30, 60, and 100 mA cm-2, respectively.
“After 10 h of assay, the COD of the TDW samples was 468, 159, and 46 mg L -1 , for the EO experiments run at 30, 60, and 100 mA cm -2 , respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 100 mA cm-2, complete color removal (visual) was accomplished after 8 h.
“At 100 mA cm -2 , complete color removal (visual) was accomplished after 8 h assay, but at 60 mA cm -2 it took 10 h to attain complete discoloration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Sulfate ion concentration was practically unchanged during the second EO treatment.
“As observed during the first EO treatment, sulfate ion concentration was practically unchanged during the second EO treatment”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 60 mA cm-2, complete discoloration took 10 h.
“At 100 mA cm -2 , complete color removal (visual) was accomplished after 8 h assay, but at 60 mA cm -2 it took 10 h to attain complete discoloration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
At 30 mA cm-2, after 10 h, complete discoloration was not achieved.
“At the lowest applied j (30 mA cm -2 ), after 10 h assay, complete discoloration was not achieved.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For the two reuse cycles performed, both treated samples led to dyed fabrics in compliance with the most restrictive controls.
“For the two reuse cycles performed, both treated samples led to dyed fabrics in compliance with the most restrictive controls, showing that an effective consecutive reuse can be achieved with a moderate-quality water.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The brownish color and absorbances at 436, 525, and 620 nm indicate the presence of residual dye content in the TDW.
“In fact, the brownish color presented by the TDW and the absorbances at 436, 525, and 620 nm, which are the wavelengths of maximum absorbance of the dyes Nylosan ® Yellow N-3RL, Nylosan ® Red N-2RBL, and Nylosan ® Blue N-GL, respectively, indicate the presence of residual dye content.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Ecotoxicity towards Daphnia magna was drastically reduced during the EO treatment of TDW.
“It was found that the ecotoxicity was drastically reduced during the EO treatment”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The humectant agent, with a calculated EC50-48h of 75.18 mg/L, is used in a concentration ten times higher than the estimated value.
“However, the humectant agent, with a calculated EC 50 -48 h of 75.18 mg L -1 , is used in a concentration ten times higher than the estimated value.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The TDW obtained from the primary dyeing process presents a high content of organic matter, as shown by COD and DOC concentrations.
“This wastewater presents a high content of organic matter, as can be seen by the values of the COD and DOC concentrations, which can be ascribed to the presence of dyes that were not adsorbed by the fibers and to the dyeing auxiliaries utilized.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After 10 h of electrooxidation at 60 mA cm-2, treated TDW had COD below 200 mg/L (moderate-quality).
“After 10 h of electrooxidation at 60 and 100 mA cm -2 , discolorized treated TDW, with chemical oxygen demand below 200 (moderatequality) and 50 mg L -1 (high-quality), respectively, was obtained.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Wool fabrics dyed with the treated TDW presented color fastness to washing behavior similar to that of the fabrics of the primary dyeing.
“Color fastness to washing results, presented in Table 4, show that the wool fabrics dyed with the treated TDW presented similar behavior to that observed by the fabrics of the primary dyeing”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
During the second EO treatment, color and dyes were completely removed.
“During the second EO treatment, color and dyes were completely removed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
COD and DOC presented similar decays, indicating a high degree of mineralization of the organic compounds for all j studied.
“Regarding COD and DOC (Figure 4), they presented similar decays, indicating a high degree of mineralization of the organic compounds for all the j studied.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After 10 h of electrooxidation at 100 mA cm-2, treated TDW had COD below 50 mg/L (high-quality).
“After 10 h of electrooxidation at 60 and 100 mA cm -2 , discolorized treated TDW, with chemical oxygen demand below 200 (moderatequality) and 50 mg L -1 (high-quality), respectively, was obtained.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Even for small sulfate concentrations, as in the TDW under study (672 mg/L), an enhancement in EO performance was found.
“Even for small sulfate concentrations, as in the case of the TDW under study (672 mg L -1 ), we found an enhancement in the EO performance, caused, according to the authors, by the production of peroxodisulfate that, together with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals, oxidize the organic matter from TDW.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When comparing the performance of the dyeing processes that utilized treated wastewaters at 60 and 100 mA cm-2, no significant differences were found.
“However, when comparing the performance of the dyeing processes that utilized treated wastewaters at 60 and 100 mA cm -2 , which complied with the moderate-and high-quality requirements, respectively, no significant differences were found.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The color fastness to washing assays showed no significant differences between the fabrics of the primary dyeing and the fabrics dyed with the treated wastewaters from the second EO treatment.
“The color fastness to washing assays (Table 8) showed no significant differences between the fabrics of the primary dyeing and the fabrics dyed with the treated wastewaters from the second EO treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Similar performance was observed for the first and second reuse cycles.
“Similar performance was observed for the first and second reuse cycle.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The dyed fabrics obtained from the second reuse cycle presented lower ∆E* values than those of the dyed fabrics from the first reuse cycle.
“Regarding the total color differences (Table 7), the dyed fabrics obtained from the second reuse cycle presented lower ∆E* values than those of the dyed fabrics from the first reuse cycle.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Effective consecutive reuse can be achieved with a moderate-quality water.
“For the two reuse cycles performed, both treated samples led to dyed fabrics in compliance with the most restrictive controls, showing that an effective consecutive reuse can be achieved with a moderate-quality water.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
There is no significant increase in the dyeing bath ecotoxicity when the bath is prepared with treated TDW.
“This fact is important for TDW reuse, since it shows that there is no significant increase in the dyeing bath ecotoxicity when prepared with treated TDW.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
For wool fabric dyeing with Nylosan acid dyes, the dyeing bath is required to be at pH 4.5, which involves acidification through addition of an acetate buffer.
“Nevertheless, in the case of the wool fabric dyeing with Nylosan acid dyes, the dyeing bath is required to be at pH 4.5, involving an acidification process through the addition of an acetate buffer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The oxidation products of the EO treatment are less toxic than the parent compounds.
“indicating that the oxidation products are less toxic than the parent compounds”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The higher dye content, COD, DOC and ecotoxicity of the TDW from the first reuse cycle is ascribed to accumulation of residual organic load and ecotoxicity.
“According to the literature, this is ascribed to the accumulation of residual organic load and ecotoxicity [18].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Bezerra, 2021, Reuse of water from real reactive monochromic and trichromic wastewater for new cotton dyes after efficient treatment using H2O2 catalyzed by UV light, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. source
- Premisecitation
The water used in textile processing, particularly in the dyeing step, must comply with stricter quality requirements than those applied for discharge into the environment [2,4].
“However, the water used in textile processing, particularly in the dyeing step, must comply with stricter quality requirements than those applied for discharge into the environment [2,4].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2] Vajnhandl, 2014, The status of water reuse in European textile sector, J. Environ. Manag. source
- cites [4] Silva, 2018, Chemical and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes as a polishing step for textile wastewater treatment: A study regarding the discharge into the environment and the reuse in the textile industry, J. Clean. Prod. source
- Interpretationown data
TDW reuse can be done without severe ecotoxicity accumulation.
“Besides the water reuse and complete salts saving, electrooxidation accomplished an ecotoxicity reduction up to 18.6-fold, allowing TDW reuse without severe ecotoxicity accumulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
For reuse of TDW treated by EO, some reformulations of dye concentration and auxiliary chemicals may be necessary, especially in light color dyeing operations [23].
“For the reuse of TDW treated by EO, some reformulations of the dye concentration and auxiliary chemicals may be necessary, especially in light color dyeing operations [23].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Leshem, 2006, Electrochemical Oxidation and Ozonation for Textile Wastewater Reuse, J. Environ. Eng. source
- Premisecitation
Similar results were observed by Solano et al. [32] when studying electrochemical treatment of a TDW sample using a BDD anode and in presence of sulfate ions.
“Similar results were observed by Solano et al. [32] when studying the electrochemical treatment of a TDW sample, using a BDD anode, and in the presence of sulfate ions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Solano et al. [32] Solano, 2013, Decontamination of real textile industrial effluent by strong oxidant species electrogenerated on diamond electrode: Viability and disadvantages of this electrochemical technology, Appl. Catal. B Environ. source
- Premisecitation
According to textile industry reuse requirements, pH should not be higher than 8.0.
“According to the requirements for reuse purposes in textile industry [4], pH should not be higher than 8.0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Silva, 2018, Chemical and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes as a polishing step for textile wastewater treatment: A study regarding the discharge into the environment and the reuse in the textile industry, J. Clean. Prod. source
- Interpretationown data
The unchanged sulfate concentration enables use of the treated TDW in the second reuse cycle without addition of sodium sulfate salt.
“enabling the use of the treated TDW in the second reuse cycle without the addition of sodium sulfate salt being necessary”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The unchanged sulfate concentration after EO treatment is in agreement with the inability of advanced oxidation processes to remove salinity, which is usually highlighted as a constraint of these processes.
“This unchanged sulfate ion concentration after EO treatment is in agreement with the inability of advanced oxidation processes to remove salinity, which is usually highlighted as a constraint of these processes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
According to DIN ISO 11664-4:2012-06, color differences between sample and control fabrics are visible only for a ∆E* above 1.5.
“According to the norm DIN ISO 11664-4:2012-06 [36], only for a ∆E* above 1.5 are differences in the color between the sample and control fabrics visible.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] (2012). German Version of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11664-4:2008, Colorim-Etry-Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour Space (Standard No. DIN ISO 11664-4:2012-06).
- Interpretationreasoning
The more pronounced ecotoxicity reduction at 100 mA cm-2 is in accordance with the higher oxidation degree of the degradation products at higher j.
“which is in accordance with the higher oxidation degree of the degradation products at higher j”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The high electrical conductivity of the treated TDW samples (>4 mS cm-1) is mainly due to sodium and sulfate ions.
“Regarding the high electrical conductivity presented by the treated TDW samples (>4 mS cm -1 ), this is mainly due to the sodium and sulfate ions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
When considering the use of treated TDW in new dyeing baths, the retention of salinity becomes an advantage.
“Nevertheless, when considering the use of treated TDW in new dyeing baths, it becomes an advantage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The differences between fabrics dyed with TDW treated at 60 and 100 mA cm-2 are probably related to the different byproducts resulting from the treatments, which are expected to have a higher oxidation degree at 100 mA cm-2.
“The differences found between the fabrics dyed with TDW samples treated at 60 and 100 mA cm -2 are probably related to the different byproducts that resulted from the treatments, which are expected to have a higher oxidation degree in the EO treatment performed at 100 mA cm -2 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The unchanged salt content enabled consecutive reuse without any salt addition.
“Salt content was unchanged in both treatment conditions, enabling the consecutive reuse without any salt addition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The enhancement in EO performance was caused by production of peroxodisulfate that together with ROS oxidize organic matter from TDW.
“Even for small sulfate concentrations, as in the case of the TDW under study (672 mg L -1 ), we found an enhancement in the EO performance, caused, according to the authors, by the production of peroxodisulfate that, together with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals, oxidize the organic matter from TDW.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Solano et al. [32] Solano, 2013, Decontamination of real textile industrial effluent by strong oxidant species electrogenerated on diamond electrode: Viability and disadvantages of this electrochemical technology, Appl. Catal. B Environ. source
- The authors state this as an assumption: The oxidation of the organic compounds occurred in parallel by ROS and reactive sulfate species.
- Premisecitation
According to Bezerra et al., TDW reuse without requiring salts addition can result in a saving of 10 tons of salt per year.
“According to Bezerra et al. [18], the TDW reuse without requiring salts addition can result in a saving of 10 tons of salt per year”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Bezerra, 2021, Reuse of water from real reactive monochromic and trichromic wastewater for new cotton dyes after efficient treatment using H2O2 catalyzed by UV light, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. source
- Premisecitation
Multiple reuses of treated wastewater would require changes in salt and other auxiliary chemicals to achieve the same fabric color as fresh process water [23].
“Furthermore, multiple reuses of the treated wastewater would require changes in salt and other auxiliary chemicals to achieve the same fabric color as fresh process water [23].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Leshem, 2006, Electrochemical Oxidation and Ozonation for Textile Wastewater Reuse, J. Environ. Eng. source
- Interpretationown data
A good quality wool dyeing was attained regardless of the use of a high- or moderate-quality water for preparing the dyeing baths.
“In addition, a good quality wool dyeing was attained, regardless of the use of a high-or moderate-quality water for preparing the dyeing baths.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Electrochemical oxidation treatment of textile dyeing wastewaters using a BDD anode is an effective strategy to obtain moderate-quality (COD ≤ 200 mg L-1) or high-quality (COD ≤ 50 mg L-1) water for reuse in the textile industry.
“Electrochemical oxidation treatment of textile dyeing wastewaters, utilizing a BDD anode, is an effective strategy to obtain moderate-quality (COD ≤ 200 mg L -1 ) or a highquality (COD ≤ 50 mg L -1 ) water for reuse purposes in the textile industry.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The electrochemical oxidation process is feasible for the consecutive reuse of the treated wastewater.
“Electrochemical oxidation process showed also to be feasible for the consecutive reuse of the treated wastewater.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The increase in the organic load of the dyeing wastewater caused by accumulation of residual organic load from the previous treatment is not a constraint for the subsequent treatment and reuse.
“The increase in the organic load of the dyeing wastewater, caused by the accumulation of residual organic load from the previous treatment, is not a constraint for the subsequential treatment and reuse.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
To efficiently reuse textile dyeing wastewater, a high-quality water with a COD lower than 50 mg L-1 is not required.
“Thus, it is concluded that, to efficiently reuse textile dyeing wastewater, a high-quality water, with a COD lower than 50 mg L -1 , is not required.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
By varying the applied current density and treatment time, it is possible to obtain treated wastewaters with different qualities.
“By varying the applied current density and treatment time, it is possible to obtain treated wastewaters with different qualities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationMore recent studies on electro-persulfate processes show that when utilizing anode materials with high oxygen evolution potential, such as BDD, not only can peroxodisulfate be produced from oxidation of SO4 2-, but also sulfate radicals can be electrogenerated, either by sulfate ions direct oxidation or by oxidation through a hydroxyl radical [33].
“In fact, more recent studies on electro-persulfate processes show that, when utilizing anode materials with high oxygen evolution potential, such as BDD, not only can peroxodisulfate be produced from the oxidation of SO 4 2-(Equation ( 2)), but also sulfate radicals can be electrogenerated, either by sulfate ions direct oxidation (Equation ( 3)) or by oxidation through a hydroxyl radical (Equation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Fernandes, A., Nunes, M., Rodrigues, A., Pacheco, M., Ciríaco, L., and Lopes, A. (2021). Electro-Persulfate Processes for the Treatment of Complex Wastewater Matrices: Present and Future. Molecules, 26. source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAccording to literature, sulfate radical is a strong and highly oxidizing species that presents higher redox potential than hydroxyl radicals or peroxodisulfate; it readily reacts at a wide range of pH values, promoting nonselective oxidation and efficient removal of a wide range of organic compounds [33].
“According to the literature, the sulfate radical is a strong and highly oxidizing species that presents higher redox potential than that of hydroxyl radicals or peroxodisulfate.It readily reacts at a wide range of pH values, promoting the nonselective oxidation and efficient removal of a wide range of organic compounds [33].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Fernandes, A., Nunes, M., Rodrigues, A., Pacheco, M., Ciríaco, L., and Lopes, A. (2021). Electro-Persulfate Processes for the Treatment of Complex Wastewater Matrices: Present and Future. Molecules, 26. source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThe faster dye degradation compared to overall organic load removal can be explained because dye fragmentation requires only a primary oxidation stage, while COD and DOC reductions involve more complex multistage oxidative reactions, since dye oxidation usually results in different byproducts [31,32].
“This can be explained considering that, for the dye fragmentation (chromophore group breaking), only a primary oxidation stage is required, but, for COD and DOC reductions, more complex multistage oxidative reactions are involved, since the dye oxidation usually results in the formation of different byproducts [31,32].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [31] Hu, 2016, Regeneration and reuse of highly polluting textile dyeing effluents through catalytic ozonation with carbon aerogel catalysts, J. Clean. Prod. source
Section 3.2.2 (page unavailable) says decolorization involves primary oxidation of the dye’s azo group, while substantial COD reduction may require more complicated multistage reactions because intermediates and other byproducts remain. The paper measures COD but does not address DOC reduction, so the DOC portion is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [32] Solano, 2013, Decontamination of real textile industrial effluent by strong oxidant species electrogenerated on diamond electrode: Viability and disadvantages of this electrochemical technology, Appl. Catal. B Environ. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThe practically unchanged sulfate concentration after EO is explained by reaction of reactive sulfate species with dissolved organic matter and by reactions that occur when no DOM is available for oxidation, which restore sulfate ions in the TDW.
“This is explained by the reaction of reactive sulfate species with dissolved organic matter (DOM) (Equation ( 8)) [35], and by reactions, such as that described in Equation (9), that occur when there is no DOM available for oxidation [33], which restore the sulfate ions in TDW.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [35] Giannakis, 2021, A review of the recent advances on the treatment of industrial wastewaters by Sulfate Radical-based Advanced Oxidation Processes (SR-AOPs), Chem. Eng. J. source
- cites [33] Fernandes, A., Nunes, M., Rodrigues, A., Pacheco, M., Ciríaco, L., and Lopes, A. (2021). Electro-Persulfate Processes for the Treatment of Complex Wastewater Matrices: Present and Future. Molecules, 26. source
Section 2 (Fundamentals of the Electro-Persulfate Processes; page unavailable) says sulfate radicals react with water and that persulfate regeneration after reactions with water or organics has been suggested. It does not say these reactions occur specifically when no DOM is available or that they explain an unchanged sulfate concentration in TDW. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- The authors state this as an assumption: Reactive sulfate species are generated from the oxidation of sulfate ions present in the TDW.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThere are restrictive controls that require a maximum ∆E* of 1.0, the smallest value the human eye can detect.
“Nevertheless, there are restrictive controls that require a maximum ∆E* of 1.0 (the smallest value the human eye can detect) [31].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Hu, 2016, Regeneration and reuse of highly polluting textile dyeing effluents through catalytic ozonation with carbon aerogel catalysts, J. Clean. Prod. source
Section 3.3.1 says a color difference no greater than 1.0 is generally thought acceptable because the naked eye can rarely detect variation within that limit. It does not describe restrictive controls requiring that maximum or establish 1.0 as the precise smallest detectable difference. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationPeroxodisulfate can also be obtained through sulfate ions oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, and sulfate radicals can be generated from electrochemical activation of peroxodisulfate [33].
“Moreover, peroxodisulfate can be also obtained through sulfate ions oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (Equation ( 5)) and sulfate radicals can be generated from the electrochemical activation of peroxodisulfate, according to Equation (6) [33].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Fernandes, A., Nunes, M., Rodrigues, A., Pacheco, M., Ciríaco, L., and Lopes, A. (2021). Electro-Persulfate Processes for the Treatment of Complex Wastewater Matrices: Present and Future. Molecules, 26. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThe pH increase during EO can be attributed to cathode side reactions, to sulfate oxidation through hydroxyl radicals, and to formation of carbonates and bicarbonates from reaction of hydroxide ions with CO2 generated during oxidation of organic pollutants.
“This increase in pH during the EO process is well described in the literature and can be attributed to: (i) side reactions that occur at the cathode, such as the reaction described in Equation ( 7); (ii) sulfate oxidation through hydroxyl radicals (Equations ( 4) and ( 5)); and (iii) formation of carbonates and bicarbonates, from the reaction between the hydroxide ions and the CO 2 generated”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] Fernandes, A., Nunes, M., Rodrigues, A., Pacheco, M., Ciríaco, L., and Lopes, A. (2021). Electro-Persulfate Processes for the Treatment of Complex Wastewater Matrices: Present and Future. Molecules, 26. source
Section 2 (Fundamentals of the Electro-Persulfate Processes; page unavailable) describes sulfate-ion oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, supporting one reaction named in the claim. The passages on pH in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 do not attribute an increase during electrooxidation to that reaction, cathode side reactions, or carbonate and bicarbonate formation from CO₂. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [34] Fernandes, 2019, Influence of Molecular Size on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Fractioned Cork Boiling Wastewater, ChemElectroChem source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationEO has the advantage of not producing sludge or concentrates, and the high salinity of textile wastewater may be an advantage for dyeing wastewater reuse [13-15].
“It has also the advantage of not producing sludge or concentrates and, in this case, the high salinity of the textile wastewater may be an advantage for the dyeing wastewater reuse [13][14][15].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [13] Sala, 2014, Photo-Electrochemical Treatment of Reactive Dyes in Wastewater and Reuse of the Effluent: Method Optimization, Materials source
Section 2.4 reports successful reuse of treated effluent in dyeing and says reuse considerably reduced the salinity of discharged effluent, supporting a benefit associated with reusing saline wastewater. The Introduction describes electrochemical treatment as using an electron as a clean reagent, but our copy does not state that it produces no sludge or concentrates. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [14] Orts, 2019, Study of the Reuse of Industrial Wastewater After Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Effluents without External Addition of Chloride, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. source
- cites [15] Rosa, 2015, Dyeing of cotton with reactive dyestuffs: The continuous reuse of textile wastewater effluent treated by Ultraviolet/Hydrogen peroxide homogeneous photocatalysis, J. Clean. Prod. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningCOD and DOC absolute removal and ecotoxicity reduction were higher in the second EO treatment than in the first EO treatment.
“COD and DOC absolute removal and ecotoxicity reduction were higher than that attained for the first EO treatment”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe estimated EC50-48h values for all three dyes and the equalizer agent are above the values of the initial dyeing bath conditions, indicating that these constituents do not contribute to the observed ecotoxicity.
“The obtained results, presented in Table 3, show that the estimated EC 50 -48 h values for all three dyes and equalizer agent are above the values of the initial dyeing bath conditions (Table 1), indicating that these constituents do not contribute to the observed ecotoxicity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
FindingreasoningThe reduction in ecotoxicity was slightly more pronounced in the TDW treated at 100 mA cm-2 than at 60 mA cm-2.
“Furthermore, we found that the reduction in ecotoxicity was slightly more pronounced in the TDW treated at 100 mA cm -2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningSodium and sulfate ion concentrations were practically unchanged during the dyeing process and the subsequent EO treatment.
“whose concentration was practically unchanged during the dyeing process and the subsequent EO treatment”
- Also stated in: § 2SO → S O + 2e · plain
“sulfate ion concentration at the end of the EO treatments was practically unchanged”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 2SO → S O + 2e · plain
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataBoth dyeing processes using treated TDW at 60 and 100 mA cm-2 attained ∆E* values of 1.0, complying with the most restrictive controls that require a maximum ∆E* of 1.0.
“Nevertheless, both dyeing processes, utilizing treated TDW at 60 and 100 mA cm -2 , attained ∆E* values of 1.0, complying with the most restrictive controls that require a maximum ∆E* of 1.0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationCOD and DOC values and ecotoxicity towards Daphnia magna were higher for the TDW samples obtained from the first reuse cycle than for the primary dyeing wastewater.
“Furthermore, COD and DOC values and the ecotoxicity towards Daphnia magna were higher for the TDW samples obtained from the first reuse cycle.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataBoth TDW samples treated by EO at 60 and 100 mA cm-2 for 10 h were color and dye free.
“Both treated samples were color and dye free.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe second EO treatment was effective in reducing the organic load and ecotoxicity, with even better results than the first EO treatment.
“Nevertheless, the second EO treatment was effective in the reduction of the organic load and ecotoxicity, with even better results than those obtained with the first EO treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningFabrics dyed with treated TDW were slightly lighter, greener and yellower than fabrics dyed with fresh water, with the lighter and yellower color more pronounced at 60 mA cm-2 and the greener color more pronounced at 100 mA cm-2.
“According to the results presented in Table 4, the fabrics obtained from the dyeing process that utilized the treated TDW were slightly lighter, greener, and yellower than the fabrics dyed with fresh water, with the lighter and yellower color more pronounced in the fabrics resultant from the dyeing with the treated TDW at 60 mA cm -2 and the greener color more pronounced in the fabrics that utiliz”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe COD of the TDW treated at 60 mA cm-2 complied with the moderate-quality requirement and that of the TDW treated at 100 mA cm-2 complied with the high-quality requirement for textile wastewater reuse.
“Although the COD of the TDW samples treated at 60 and 100 mA cm -2 complied with the moderate-quality and high-quality requirements, respectively”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningDuring the first hours of the assay, COD and DOC removal rates were lower than the removal rates of absorbances at 436, 525, and 620 nm, indicating that dye degradation occurred more rapidly than overall organic load removal.
“when comparing COD and DOC removal rates with that of the absorbances at 436, 525, and 620 nm, during the first hours of the assay, COD and DOC removal rates are lower, indicating that the dye degradation occurred more rapidly than the overall organic load removal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown datapH increases during EO treatment of TDW, and the increase is more pronounced at higher applied current density j.
“The pH variation in time for the different j studied, presented in Figure 4c, shows an increase in pH during the EO treatment, which is more pronounced at higher j.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationBoth color and organic load removals increased with applied current density and treatment time.
“Both color and organic load removals increased with j and treatment time, since, at higher currents and treatment times, the production of oxidative species is higher, promoting the enhanced degradation of the organic compounds [11].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Brillas, 2015, Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review, Appl. Catal. B Environ. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataBoth treated samples led to dyed fabrics with ∆E* values of 1.0 and with color fastness to washing results similar to those of the primary dyeing with fresh water, complying with the most restrictive controls of the textile industry.
“Both treated samples lead to dyed fabrics with ∆E* values of 1.0 and with color fastness to washing results similar to that obtained by the fabrics of the primary dyeing (utilizing fresh water), complying with the most restrictive controls of the textile industry.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenHigher organic load removals were attained during the second treatment and lower ∆E* values were observed in the fabrics from the second reuse cycle.
“In fact, higher organic load removals were attained during the second treatment and lower ∆E* values were observed in the fabrics from the second reuse cycle.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenHigh applied current densities result in higher color and organic load removal rates and in more oxidized byproducts.
“High applied current densities result in higher color and organic load removal rates and in more oxidized byproducts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe disposal and treatment of saline textile wastewaters is one of the major environmental concerns of the textile industry.
“since the disposal and treatment of saline textile wastewaters is one of the major environmental concerns of the textile industry”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Bezerra, 2021, Reuse of water from real reactive monochromic and trichromic wastewater for new cotton dyes after efficient treatment using H2O2 catalyzed by UV light, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. source
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAccording to literature, a high-quality water for reuse in textile industry should present a maximum COD of 50 mg/L, with maximum COD of 200 mg/L being a moderate-quality water [4].
“According to the literature, a high-quality water for reuse purposes in the textile industry should present a maximum COD of 50 mg L -1 , with the maximum COD of 200 mg L -1 being a moderate-quality water [4].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Silva, 2018, Chemical and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes as a polishing step for textile wastewater treatment: A study regarding the discharge into the environment and the reuse in the textile industry, J. Clean. Prod. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationEO using a high O2-overpotential anode such as BDD has proved very effective in dyes removal, and mineralization of organic compounds can be achieved [11,12].
“In particular, the electrochemical oxidation (EO) using a high O 2 -overpotential anode, such as a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode, has proved to be very effective in dyes removal, and the mineralization of the organic compounds can be achieved [11,12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Brillas, 2015, Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review, Appl. Catal. B Environ. source
- cites [12] Sala, 2014, Electrochemical treatment of industrial wastewater and effluent reuse at laboratory and semi-industrial scale, J. Clean. Prod. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningDespite not complying with the general textile reuse requirement for electrical conductivity (<1.5 mS cm-1), EO treatment enables reuse of the treated TDW without addition of more sodium sulfate salt.
“Thus, despite not complying with the general requirements for reuse purposes in the textile industry (<1.5 mS cm -1 ) [4], EO treatment has the advantage of enabling the reuse of the treated TDW without the addition of more sodium sulfate salt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Silva, 2018, Chemical and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes as a polishing step for textile wastewater treatment: A study regarding the discharge into the environment and the reuse in the textile industry, J. Clean. Prod. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThe higher removal in the second EO treatment can be ascribed to the higher organic load content of the TDW from the first reuse cycle, since for higher organics concentration the mass transfer limitations in the electrochemical cell are reduced and the EO process is more effective.
“which can be ascribed to the higher organic load content of the TDW obtained from the first reuse cycle, since, for higher organics concentration, the mass transfer limitations in the electrochemical cell are reduced and thus the EO process is more effective [37]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] Fernandes, 2012, Anodic oxidation of a biologically treated leachate on a boron-doped diamond anode, J. Hazard. Mater. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAccording to Solano et al. [32], electrolysis under BDD anode in aqueous media containing sulfate ions generates peroxodisulfate, a powerful oxidizing agent that can oxidize organic matter near the anode surface and in the bulk solution.
“According to these authors, electrolysis under BDD anode, in aqueous media containing sulfate ions, generates peroxodisulfate (Equation ( 2)), a powerful oxidizing agent that can oxidize organic matter near to the anode surface and in the bulk solution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Solano et al. [32] Solano, 2013, Decontamination of real textile industrial effluent by strong oxidant species electrogenerated on diamond electrode: Viability and disadvantages of this electrochemical technology, Appl. Catal. B Environ. source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationIn the study by Silva et al., it was found that it is not strictly necessary to meet the reuse requirements to effectively reuse textile wastewater in the textile industry.
“A similar conclusion was attained in a study performed by Silva et al. [4], where it was found that it is not strictly necessary to meet the reuse requirements to effectively reuse textile wastewater in the textile industry.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Silva, 2018, Chemical and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes as a polishing step for textile wastewater treatment: A study regarding the discharge into the environment and the reuse in the textile industry, J. Clean. Prod. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataBoth ∆E* and color fastness to washing results showed the suitability of the treated TDW for reuse in new dyeing processes, with no significant differences between the high-quality (100 mA cm-2) and moderate-quality (60 mA cm-2) samples.
“Both ∆E* and color fastness to washing results showed the suitability of the treated TDW for reuse in new dyeing processes, with no significant differences found between the high-quality (treated by EO at 100 mA cm -2 ) and moderate-quality (treated by EO at 60 mA cm -2 ) samples.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningAs dye concentration became lower, its oxidation became diffusion controlled and the byproducts formed were preferably oxidized, decreasing the dye removal rate.
“As the dye concentration became lower, its oxidation became diffusion controlled and the byproducts formed were preferably oxidized, decreasing the dye removal rate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningAlthough the pH of the treated TDW at 60 and 100 mA cm-2 exceeds 8.0, the mandatory pH correction during dyeing bath preparation eliminates the possible constraint associated with this high pH.
“Thus, although the pH of the treated TDW samples, at 60 and 100 mA cm -2 , is higher than 8.0, its mandatory correction during the dyeing bath preparation eliminates the possible constraint associated with this high pH.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: For most dyes used in the textile industry, pH correction of the dyeing bath is required.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationIn the study by López-Grimau et al., positive ∆L* values were also obtained when reusing electrochemically treated TDW.
“In a study performed by López-Grimau et al. [22], positive ∆L* values were also obtained when reusing electrochemically treated TDW.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Valldeperas, 2011, Reuse of the water and salt of reactive dyeing effluent after electrochemical decolorisation, Color. Technol.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationEcotoxicity is one of the major problems of textile wastewaters, and some studies have evaluated this parameter and verified its reduction through electrochemical oxidation using a BDD anode [24].
“Considering that ecotoxicity is one of the major problems of textile wastewaters, some studies have evaluated this parameter and verified its reduction through electrochemical oxidation using a BDD anode [24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Taylor, 2019, Understanding the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation in toxicity removal, Advances in Chemistry Research
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAccording to Solano et al. [32], the degradation process in the presence of sulfate occurs with significant formation of intermediates, but without formation of organochlorinated or other carcinogenic compounds, as in the case when oxidation is mediated by chloride species.
“It should be noted that, according to Solano et al. [32], the degradation process in the presence of sulfate occurs with significant formation of intermediates, but without formation of organochlorinated or other carcinogenic compounds, as in the case when oxidation is mediated by chloride species.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Solano et al. [32] Solano, 2013, Decontamination of real textile industrial effluent by strong oxidant species electrogenerated on diamond electrode: Viability and disadvantages of this electrochemical technology, Appl. Catal. B Environ. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe reactions that raise pH are enhanced by increasing j, which explains the higher pH values attained by samples treated at higher j.
“Such reactions are enhanced by the increase in j, explaining the higher pH values attained by the samples treated at higher j.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationEAOPs are based on electrogeneration of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which non-selectively react with organic compounds [10,11].
“EAOPs are based on the electrogeneration of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which non-selectively react with organic compounds [10,11].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [10] Moreira, 2017, Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: A review on their application to synthetic and real wastewaters, Appl. Catal. B Environ. source
- cites [11] Brillas, 2015, Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review, Appl. Catal. B Environ. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe study presents a viable treatment solution for textile dyeing recalcitrant wastewater and allows its reuse in new dyeing processes.
“since it presents a viable treatment solution for textile dyeing recalcitrant wastewater and allows its reuse in new dyeing processes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe study proved that salts can be completely recovered and reutilized in new textile dyeing processes without losing dye uptake by the wool fibers.
“However, this study went further, since it proved that salts can be completely recovered and reutilized in new textile dyeing processes, without losing dye uptake by the wool fibers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataEO promotes a drastic reduction of the wastewater ecotoxicity towards Daphnia magna, allowing wastewater reuse without severe ecotoxicity accumulation.
“Furthermore, it promotes a drastic reduction of the wastewater ecotoxicity towards Daphnia magna, allowing wastewater reuse without severe ecotoxicity accumulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe EO strategy reduces water consumption and saves salts, since it allows complete recovery of the salts used in the dyeing process, eliminating the need for salt addition in subsequent dyeing baths.
“This strategy not only provides a reduction in water consumption, but also saves salts, since it allows the complete recovery of the salts utilized in the dyeing process, eliminating the need of salts addition in the subsequential dyeing baths.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Conventional technologies are unable to deliver treated wastewater with the quality required for reuse, mainly due to the presence of dyes and high salinity.
“However, conventional technologies are unable to deliver treated wastewater with the quality required for reuse, mainly due to the presence of dyes and high salinity.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The oxidation of the organic compounds occurred in parallel by ROS and reactive sulfate species.
“Considering the existence of sulfate ions in the TDW sample under study and that a BDD anode is employed, it can be assumed that the oxidation of the organic compounds occurred in parallel by ROS and reactive sulfate species.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Salt reuse can be accomplished by using electrochemical oxidation to treat the TDW.
“another important economic and environmental aspect to be considered is the salt reuse, which can be accomplished by using electrochemical oxidation to treat the TDW.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For most dyes used in the textile industry, pH correction of the dyeing bath is required.
“It should be noted that, for most dyes used in the textile industry, pH correction is required.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Reactive sulfate species are generated from the oxidation of sulfate ions present in the TDW.
“although we assumed there was the generation of reactive sulfate species, from the oxidation of sulfate ions present in the TDW”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pinto, C., Fernandes, A., Lopes, A., Nunes, M. J., Baía, A., Ciríaco, L., & Pacheco, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Beira Interior (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Lopes, Ana
- Venue
- Water
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-29
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1084
- ISSN
- 2073-4441 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4220829407
- Semantic Scholar
- 61addf6aa6e69945954994f826d1de47418173f8
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Water (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/132436/2017, COVID/BD/151965/2021, UIDB/00195/2020)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Coagulation and Flocculation Studies
- Keywords
- dyeing wastewater, water reuse, electrochemical oxidation, boron-doped diamond anode, salt recovery, dye removal, ecotoxicity, Daphnia magna, current density, chemical oxygen demand, sustainable water use
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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