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Cited by 233melanin and skin pigmentationDermatologic Treatments and ResearchMelanoma and MAPK Pathways

Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review

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Thawabteh, Amin Mahmood, Jibreen, Alaa, Karaman, Donia, Thawabteh, Alà, Karaman, Rafik·2023·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules28124839PMC PMC10304091
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Abstract

Human skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis are incredibly variable, and are impacted by genetics, UV exposure, and some drugs. Patients' physical appearance, psychological health, and social functioning are all impacted by a sizable number of skin conditions that cause pigmentary abnormalities. Hyperpigmentation, where pigment appears to overflow, and hypopigmentation, where pigment is reduced, are the two major classifications of skin pigmentation. Albinism, melasma, vitiligo, Addison's disease, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which can be brought on by eczema, acne vulgaris, and drug interactions, are the most common skin pigmentation disorders in clinical practice. Anti-inflammatory medications, antioxidants, and medications that inhibit tyrosinase, which prevents the production of melanin, are all possible treatments for pigmentation problems. Skin pigmentation can be treated orally and topically with medications, herbal remedies, and cosmetic products, but a doctor should always be consulted before beginning any new medicine or treatment plan. This review article explores the numerous types of pigmentation problems, their causes, and treatments, as well as the 25 plants, 4 marine species, and 17 topical and oral medications now on the market that have been clinically tested to treat skin diseases.

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  • Light skin is deficient in the adequate pigmentation necessary to neutralize the destructive effects of UV radiation, contrasting with darker skin which is aided by the antioxidant properties of melanin.

    “Contrasting with darker skin, which is aided by the antioxidant properties of melanin, light skin is deficient in the adequate pigmentation necessary to neutralize the destructive effects of UV radiation [57].”

    From A Comprehensive Review of the Role of UV Radiation in Photoaging Processes Between Different Types of Skin (2025) · cites this paper as [57]

    The Introduction (page not provided) says darker skin has more eumelanin, which absorbs UV rays and protects against sunburn, while lighter skin has less eumelanin and is more prone to sun damage. It does not attribute that protection to melanin’s antioxidant properties; the mechanism it describes is UV absorption. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Authors
Thawabteh, A. M., Jibreen, A., Karaman, D., Thawabteh, A., & Karaman, R.
Affiliations
  • Al-Quds University (PS)
  • Research and Development Department, Beit Jala Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beit Jala 97300, Palestine
  • University of Basilicata (IT)
Corresponding author
Karaman, Rafik
ORCID
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-06-18
Volume
28
Issue
12
Pages
4839
ISSN
1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/molecules28124839
PMC
PMC10304091
OpenAlex
W4381149249
Cited by
233
References
225
Citations by year
2026: 66 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 7
FWCI
7.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatologic Treatments and Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
Keywords
skin pigmentation, melanogenesis, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, albinism, melasma, vitiligo, Addison's disease, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, tyrosinase inhibitors, antioxidants, herbal medicine, marine-derived compounds, UV exposure, drug-induced pigmentation
MeSH terms
Humans, Melanins, Skin, Skin Pigmentation, Monophenol Monooxygenase, Hyperpigmentation

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