A Review of Theoretical Studies on Carbon Monoxide Hydrogenation via Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis over Transition Metals
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The increasing demand for clean fuels and sustainable products has attracted much interest in the development of active and selective catalysts for CO conversion to desirable products. This review maps the theoretical progress of the different facets of most commercial catalysts, including Co, Fe, Ni, Rh, and Ru. All relevant elementary steps involving CO dissociation and hydrogenation and their dependence on surface structure, surface coverage, temperature, and pressure are considered. The dominant Fischer–Tropsch synthesis mechanism is also explored, including the sensitivity to the structure of H-assisted CO dissociation and direct CO dissociation. Low-coordinated step sites are shown to enhance catalytic activity and suppress methane formation. The hydrogen adsorption and CO dissociation mechanisms are highly dependent on the surface coverage, in which hydrogen adsorption increases, and the CO insertion mechanism becomes more favorable at high coverages. It is revealed that the chain-growth probability and product selectivity are affected by the type of catalyst and its structure as well as the applied temperature and pressure.
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Fischer-Tropsch synthesis converts syngas (a mixture of H2 and CO, often derived from CO2 via reverse water-gas shift) into liquid hydrocarbons using metal catalysts, typically iron or cobalt, at elevated temperatures (e.g., 200-350°C) and pressures (e.g., 10-30 atm).
“For instance, the F-T synthesis converts syngas (a mixture of H 2 and CO, often derived from CO 2 via the reverse water-gas shift reaction) into liquid hydrocarbons using metal catalysts, typically iron (Fe) or cobalt (Co), at elevated temperatures (e.g., 200-350 • C) and pressures (e.g., 10-30 atm) [282][283][284].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [283]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says Fischer–Tropsch synthesis converts CO/H2 syngas into hydrocarbons and oxygenates and identifies iron and cobalt as common industrial catalysts. Section 2.4 explicitly mentions liquid hydrocarbons. The copy does not establish that the syngas is often derived from CO2 by reverse water-gas shift, or give the claimed typical ranges of 200–350 °C and 10–30 atm; its discussion of water-gas shift concerns the forward reaction. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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The Molecular Adsorption of Carbon Monoxide on Cobalt Surfaces: A Dft Study
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jamaati, M., Torkashvand, M., Sarabadani Tafreshi, S., & de Leeuw, N. H.
- Affiliations
- Iran University of Science and Technology (IR)
- Amirkabir University of Technology (IR)
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), No. 350, Hafez Avenue, Tehran 15916-34311, Iran
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-09-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 6525
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10650776
- OpenAlex
- W4386602276
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 0.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Carbon dioxide utilization in catalysis
- Keywords
- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, CO hydrogenation, transition metal catalysts, CO dissociation, hydrogen adsorption, surface coverage, methane suppression, chain growth probability, product selectivity, cobalt catalysts, iron catalysts, nickel catalysts, rhodium catalysts, ruthenium catalysts, reaction mechanism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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