Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Volatile Metabolites Produced by Some Bacillus spp. and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Antibiotic Activities
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Bacillus species produce different classes of antimicrobial and antioxidant substances: peptides or proteins with different structural compositions and molecular masses and a broad range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), some of which may serve as biomarkers for microorganism identification. The aim of this study is the identification of biologically active compounds synthesized by five Bacillus species using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The current study profoundly enhances the knowledge of antibacterial and antioxidant metabolites ensuring the unambiguous identification of VOCs produced by some Bacillus species, which were isolated from vegetable samples of potato, carrot, and tomato. Phylogenetic and biochemical studies were used to identify the bacterial isolates after culturing. Phylogenetic analysis proved that five bacterial isolates BSS12, BSS13, BSS16, BSS21, and BSS25 showed 99% nucleotide sequence similarities with Bacillus safensis AS-08, Bacillus cereus WAB2133, Bacillus acidiproducens NiuFun, Bacillus toyonesis FORT 102, and Bacillus thuringiensis F3, respectively. The crude extract was prepared from bacterial isolates to assess the antibiotic resistance potency and the antimicrobial potential against various targeted multidrug-resistant strains, including yeast strains such as Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and bacterial strains of Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus group B, Streptococcus mutans, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enteritidis, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. GC–MS analysis of bacterial strains found that VOCs from Bacillus species come in a variety of chemical forms, such as ketones, alcohols, terpenoids, alkenes, etc. Overall, 69 volatile organic compounds were identified from five Bacillus species, and all five were found to share different chemical classes of volatile organic components, which have a variety of pharmacological applications. However, eight antibacterial compounds with different concentrations were commonly found in all five species: acetoin, acetic acid, butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, oxime-, methoxy-phenyl, phenol, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, nonanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid, methyl. The present study has demonstrated that bacterial isolates BSS25, BSS21, and BSS16 display potent inhibitory effects against Candida albicans, while BSS25, BSS21, and BSS13 exhibit the ability to restrain the growth and activity of Candida krusei. Notably, BSS25 and BSS21 are the only isolates that demonstrate substantial inhibitory activity against Klebsiella aerogenes. This disparity in inhibitory effects could be attributed to the higher concentrations of acetoin in BSS25 and BSS21, whereas BSS16 and BSS13 have relatively elevated levels of butanoic acid, 2-methyl-. Certainly, the presence of acetoin and butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, contributes to the enhanced antibacterial potential of these bacterial strains, in conjunction with other organic volatile compounds and peptides, among other factors. The biology and physiology of Bacillus can be better understood using these results, which can also be used to create novel biotechnological procedures and applications. Moreover, because of its exceptional ability to synthesize and produce a variety of different antibacterial compounds, Bacillus species can serve as natural and universal carriers for antibiotic compounds in the form of probiotic cultures and strains to fight different pathogens, including mycobacteria.
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Lipopeptides produced by Pseudomonas and Bacillus play a crucial role in biofilm formation and microbial competition, enhancing bioremediation efficiency.
“lipopeptides produced by Pseudomonas and Bacillus play a crucial role in biofilm formation and microbial competition, which enhances bioremediation efficiency [184,291].”
From Harnessing bacterial consortia for effective bioremediation: targeted removal of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and persistent pollutants (2025) · cites this paper as [184]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Qattan, S. Y. A. (2025) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-025-01103-y · Cited by 109 · see citing works
- Authors
- Koilybayeva, M., Shynykul, Z., Ustenova, G., Waleron, K., Jońca, J., Mustafina, K., Amirkhanova, A., Koloskova, Y., Bayaliyeva, R., Akhayeva, T., Alimzhanova, M., Turgumbayeva, A., Kurmangaliyeva, G., Kantureyeva, A., Batyrbayeva, D., & Alibayeva, Z.
- Affiliations
- Kazakh National Medical University (KZ)
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (KZ)
- School of Pharmacy, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole-bi 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
- Gdańsk Medical University (PL)
- University of Gdańsk (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Koilybayeva, Moldir
- Shynykul, Zhanserik
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-11-12
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 7556
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10673538
- OpenAlex
- W4388634959
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12
- FWCI
- 6.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
- Keywords
- Bacillus, volatile organic compounds, bacterial metabolites, antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, multidrug-resistant bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus safensis, antibiotic resistance, carrot, tomato, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus
- MeSH terms
- Acetoin, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antioxidants, Bacillus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Peptides, Phylogeny, Pichia, Butyric Acid, Enterobacter aerogenes, Volatile Organic Compounds
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