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Cited by 24Energetic Materials and CombustionCrystallization and Solubility StudiesInnovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Size, Morphology and Crystallinity Control Strategy of Ultrafine HMX by Microfluidic Platform

Open access
Jiang, Hanyu, Wang, Xuanjun, Yu, Jin, Zhou, Wenjun, Zhao, Shuangfei, Xu, Siyu, Zhao, Fengqi·2023·Nanomaterials
DOI 10.3390/nano13030464PMC PMC9921854
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Abstract

The crystal structure has a great influence on mechanical sensitivity and detonation performance of energetic materials. An efficient microfluidic platform was applied for size, morphology, and crystallinity controllable preparation of ultrafine HMX. The microfluidic platform has good mixing performance, quick response, and less reagent consumption. The ultrafine γ-HMX was first prepared at room temperature by microfluidic strategy, and the crystal type can be controlled accurately by adjusting the process parameters. With the increase in flow ratio, the particle size decreases gradually, and the crystal type changed from β-HMX to γ-HMX. Thermal behavior of ultrafine HMX shows that γ→δ is easier than β→δ, and the phase stability of HMX is β > γ > δ. Furthermore, the ultrafine β-HMX has higher thermal stability and energy release efficiency than that of raw HMX. The ultrafine HMX prepared by microfluidic not only has uniform morphology and narrow particle size distribution, but also exhibits high density and low sensitivity. This study provides a safe, facile, and efficient way of controlling particle size, morphology, and crystallinity of ultrafine HMX.

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Crossref · 10.3390/nano13030464

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Figures

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the microfluidic platform.
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the microfluidic platform.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Simulation results with different flow ratios.
Figure 2 Simulation results with different flow ratios.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Influence of flow ratio on mixing index and residence time.
Figure 3 Influence of flow ratio on mixing index and residence time.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 SEM images and PSDs of ultrafine HMX prepared with different R. (a) Raw HMX; (b) R = 1; (c) R = 5; (d) R = 10; (e) R = 20; (f) R = 40.
Figure 4 SEM images and PSDs of ultrafine HMX prepared with different R. (a) Raw HMX; (b) R = 1; (c) R = 5; (d) R = 10; (e) R = 20; (f) R = 40.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 The influence of flow ratio R on particle size.
Figure 5 The influence of flow ratio R on particle size.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 XRD patterns of ultrafine HMX prepared with different R.
Figure 6 XRD patterns of ultrafine HMX prepared with different R.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 The morphology of HMX in solvents. (a) DMSO; (b) DMF; (c) acetone.
Figure 7 The morphology of HMX in solvents. (a) DMSO; (b) DMF; (c) acetone.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 DSC curves of ultrafine and raw HMX.
Figure 8 DSC curves of ultrafine and raw HMX.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Summary of the thermally induced reconstructive phase transitions of HMX.
Figure 9 Summary of the thermally induced reconstructive phase transitions of HMX.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Show all 35 references

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Meulenbrugge, J.J., van der Steen, A.C., and van der Heijden, A.E.D.M. (1995, January 24–27). Crystallization of energetic materials: The effect on stability, sensitivity and processing properties. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Energetic Materials Technology (ISEM 1995), Phoenix, AZ, USA.
  2. Veltmans, W.H.M., van der Heijden, A.E.D.M., Bellerby, J.M., and Rodgers, M.I. (2000, January 27–30). The effect of different crystallization techniques on morphology and stability of HNF. Proceedings of the 31st International Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany.
  3. Xu, 2018, Ultrafine high quality HMX prepared by ultrasonic assisted spray method and its crystal type control, Chin. J. Energ. Mater., 26, 260
  4. Cai, 2004, Crystal morphology of HMX and its control with supercritical O2 anti-solvent precipitation, J. Synth. Cryst., 33, 18
  5. Yu, 2022, Application and development trend of microfluidic technology in preparation of energetic materials, Chin. J. Explos. Propellants, 41, 439
  6. Shen, 2018, Microflow synthesis and preparation of hazard chemical materials, Sci. Technol. Rev., 36, 46
  7. Wang, 2018, Synthesis of insensitive nitrate plasticizers TMETN and PGDN by micro reaction technology, Chin. J. Explos. Propellants, 41, 359
  8. Wang, 2020, Study on refining CL-20 by micro-reactor technology, Initiat. Pyrotech., 6, 42
  9. Ren, H., and Jiao, Q. (2015). Micro/Nano Energetic Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology Press.

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Metadata

Authors
Jiang, H., Wang, X., Yu, J., Zhou, W., Zhao, S., Xu, S., & Zhao, F.
Affiliations
  • PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering (CN)
  • Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
  • Nanjing Tech University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Wang, Xuanjun
  • Zhao, Fengqi
ORCID
Venue
Nanomaterials
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-01-23
Volume
13
Issue
3
Pages
464
ISSN
2079-4991 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nano13030464
PMC
PMC9921854
OpenAlex
W4317885826
Cited by
24
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 2
FWCI
2.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nanomaterials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52027809, 22205178)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Energetic Materials and Combustion
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Crystallization and Solubility Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
Keywords
HMX, microfluidic synthesis, ultrafine particles, particle size control, crystal morphology, crystallinity control, β-HMX, phase stability, thermal stability, energetic materials, detonation performance, mechanical sensitivity

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Size, Morphology and Crystallinity Control Strategy of Ultrafine HMX by Microfluidic Platform. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/nano13030464
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Jiang, H., Wang, X., Yu, J., Zhou, W., Zhao, S., Xu, S., & Zhao, F. (2023). Size, Morphology and Crystallinity Control Strategy of Ultrafine HMX by Microfluidic Platform. Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030464

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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.