Longitudinal association between n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and depressive symptoms: a population-based cohort study in Japan
Open accessAbstract
It remains unclear whether n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) have a preventive effect on depression in the general population. This study investigated the longitudinal association between n-3 LCPUFA intake and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling Japanese participants. The participants were aged 40–79 years at baseline in the cohort study, wherein examinations, including the assessment of depressive symptoms and nutritional status, were biennially conducted from 1997 to 2012. The subjects (n = 2335) who had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score < 16 at the first examination and who participated in the follow-up study at least once were included in the analysis. The follow-up end point was the first onset (CES-D ≥ 16) or the last examination participation. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for CES-D ≥ 16 were estimated using the adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. Overall, 22.1% participants showed depressive symptoms during follow-up (average; 8.1 years). Compared with the lowest tertile, the highest HR for EPA was 0.74 (0.60–0.93), and highest and middle HRs for DHA were 0.79 (0.63–0.98) and 0.80 (0.65–0.99) (P for trend = 0.009 and 0.032), respectively. Among populations with high fish consumption, higher n-3 LCPUFA intake may be associated with a low risk of depressive symptoms.
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ω-3 fatty acids have benefits for central functioning ranging from enhanced memory, mood, attention, and cognitive performance to a reduced risk of developing depression and regulation of stress sensitivity.
“The benefits of ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids for central functioning range from enhanced memory, mood, attention, and cognitive performance to a reduced risk of developing depression and regulation of stress sensitivity (131-138).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [133]
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References 58 · Cited by 29
- Authors
- Horikawa, C., Otsuka, R., Kato, Y., Nishita, Y., Tange, C., Rogi, T., Kawashima, H., Shibata, H., Ando, F., & Shimokata, H.
- Affiliations
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (JP)
- Suntory Wellness Limited (Japan) (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Horikawa, Chika
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-11-03
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1655
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6265805
- OpenAlex
- W2898715212
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 2.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Longevity Sciences from the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Japan (grant number 28-40)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, depressive symptoms, depression prevention, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, fish consumption, dietary fatty acid intake, community-dwelling adults, Japanese population
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Animals, Depression, Diet, Female, Fishes, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Japan, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Surveys and Questionnaires, Socioeconomic Factors, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Nutrition Assessment, Body Mass Index, Proportional Hazards Models, Seafood, Endpoint Determination, Asian People
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