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Cited by 321Eating Disorders and BehaviorsSports Performance and TrainingNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance

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Logue, Danielle M., Madigan, Sharon M., Melin, Anna, Delahunt, Eamonn, Heinen, Mirjam, Donnell, Sarah-Jane Mc, Corish, Clare A.·2020·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu12030835PMC PMC7146210
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Abstract

Low energy availability (EA) underpins the female and male athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). The condition arises when insufficient calories are consumed to support exercise energy expenditure, resulting in compromised physiological processes, such as menstrual irregularities in active females. The health concerns associated with longstanding low EA include menstrual/libido, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular dysfunction and compromised bone health, all of which can contribute to impaired sporting performance. This narrative review provides an update of our previous review on the prevalence and risk of low EA, within-day energy deficiency, and the potential impact of low EA on performance. The methods to assess EA remain a challenge and contribute to the methodological difficulties in identifying “true” low EA. Screening female athletic groups using a validated screening tool such as the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) has shown promise in identifying endurance athletes at risk of low EA. Knowledge of RED-S and its potential implications for performance is low among coaches and athletes alike. Development of sport and gender-specific screening tools to identify adolescent and senior athletes in different sports at risk of RED-S is warranted. Education initiatives are required to raise awareness among coaches and athletes of the importance of appropriate dietary strategies to ensure that sufficient calories are consumed to support training.

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Figure 1 Adapted from the relative energy deficiency in sport health model [1,2] with the inclusion of the male and female athlete triad and the exercise-hypogonadal male condition [6]. Abbreviations: EHMC: exercise-hypogonadal male condition; RED-S: relative energy deficiency in sport *the exact physiological mechanism inducing the reduction of testosterone in men is currently unclear; it is postulated to be a dysfunction within the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular regulatory axis.
Figure 1 Adapted from the relative energy deficiency in sport health model [1,2] with the inclusion of the male and female athlete triad and the exercise-hypogonadal male condition [6]. Abbreviations: EHMC: exercise-hypogonadal male condition; RED-S: relative energy deficiency in sport *the exact physiological mechanism inducing the reduction of testosterone in men is currently unclear; it is postulated to be a dysfunction within the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular regulatory axis.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Male and female hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes. Reprinted with permission: Artoria2e5 [CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) *the reproductive components of the neuroendocrine system in the body are extremely sensitive to Low Energy Availability (LEA) in females [1,2] and the stress of exercise in males [6].
Figure 2 Male and female hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes. Reprinted with permission: Artoria2e5 [CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) *the reproductive components of the neuroendocrine system in the body are extremely sensitive to Low Energy Availability (LEA) in females [1,2] and the stress of exercise in males [6].CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Logue, D. M., Madigan, S. M., Melin, A., Delahunt, E., Heinen, M., Donnell, S.-J. M., & Corish, C. A.
Affiliations
  • University College Dublin (IE)
  • Sport Ireland Institute (IE)
  • Linnaeus University (SE)
  • Sport Ireland Institute, Sports Campus Ireland, Abbotstown, D15 PNON Dublin, Ireland
Corresponding author
Logue, Danielle M.
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-03-20
Volume
12
Issue
3
Pages
835
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu12030835
PMC
PMC7146210
OpenAlex
W3012153241
Cited by
321
References
66
Citations by year
2026: 58 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 10
FWCI
2.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Irish Research Council (EPS-PG-2015-99)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords
low energy availability, relative energy deficiency in sport, female athlete triad, menstrual disorders, athletic performance, energy balance, screening tool, LEAF-Q, nutritional strategies, bone health, prevalence, risk factors
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Prevalence, Malnutrition, Athletic Performance, Young Adult, Athletes, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

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