Energy availability in athletes
Abstract
This review updates and complements the review of energy balance and body composition in the Proceedings of the 2003 IOC Consensus Conference on Sports Nutrition. It argues that the concept of energy availability is more useful than the concept of energy balance for managing the diets of athletes. It then summarizes recent reports of the existence, aetiologies, and clinical consequences of low energy availability in athletes. This is followed by a review of recent research on the failure of appetite to increase ad libitum energy intake in compensation for exercise energy expenditure. The review closes by summarizing the implications of this research for managing the diets of athletes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Failure to reach energy balance, or conditions of prolonged low energy availability, can rapidly result in increased risk of injury, illness, overtraining syndrome, and undesired weight loss including muscle mass, impairing training adaptation and performance.
“Regardless of absolute energy requirements, failure to reach energy balance, or conditions of prolonged low energy availability [17], can rapidly result in an increased risk of injury, illness, overtraining syndrome, and (undesired) weight loss (including muscle mass) [14,19], impairing training adaptation and performance [13,16,17].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
Cites
Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans
Wren, A. M., Seal, L. J., Cohen, M. A., Brynes, A. E., Frost, G. S., Murphy, K. G., Dhillo, W. S., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8111 · Cited by 2,494 · see citing works
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111 · Cited by 1,554 · see citing works
Self-citationJournal of Sports Science and Medicine
Stewart, M. (2014) · Wilderness and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.wem.2014.06.007 · Cited by 1,228 · see citing works
(2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.01.005 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Krause's Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy
Mahan, L. K., & Escott-Stump, S. A. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Loucks, A. B., & Thuma, J. R. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020369 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Self-citationWardle, J., Haase, A. M., & Steptoe, A. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803050 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women
Loucks, A. B., Verdun, M., Heath, E. M., & (With the Technical Assistance of T. Law, S. A. J. R. T. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.37 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Self-citationDose-Response Relationships Between Energy Availability and Bone Turnover in Young Exercising Women
Ihle, R., & Loucks, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.040410 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Self-citationPancreatic Polypeptide Reduces Appetite and Food Intake in Humans
Batterham, R. L., Le Roux, C. W., Cohen, M. A., Park, A. J., Ellis, S. M., Patterson, M., Frost, G. S., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030630 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
King, N. A., Hopkins, M., Caudwell, P., Stubbs, R. J., & Blundell, J. E. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803712 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Effects of exercise on gut peptides, energy intake and appetite
Martins, C., Morgan, L., Bloom, S. R., & Robertson, M. D. (2007) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-06-0030 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Energy balance and body composition in sports and exercise
Loucks, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000140518 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence, Magnitude, and Methods of Rapid Weight Loss among Judo Competitors
Artioli, G. G., Gualano, B., Franchini, É., Scagliusi, F. B., Takesian, M., Fuchs, M., & Lancha, A. H. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181ba8055 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology of nutritional infertility
Wade, G. N., & Jones, J. E. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00475.2004 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Carbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Atkinson, S. A., Phillips, S. M., & MacDougall, J. D. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.4.1360 · Cited by 275 · cited 1× · see citing works
“An experiment in which participants consumed diets containing high and low percentages of carbohydrates found that women could not do so (Tarnopolsky, Atkinson, Phillips, & MacDougall, 1995 ).”
BackgroundMangili, A., Murman, D. H., Zampini, A. M., et al. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/500398 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
FAO/WHO Scientific Update on carbohydrates in human nutrition: conclusions
Mann, J. I., Cummings, J. H., Englyst, H. N., Key, T. J. A., Liu, S., Riccardi, G., Summerbell, C. D., Uauy, R. D., van Dam, R. M., Venn, B. J., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602943 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Martinsen, M., Bratland‐Sanda, S., Eriksson, A.-L., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. K. (2009) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.068668 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
King, N. A., Caudwell, P. P., Hopkins, M., Stubbs, J. R., Naslund, E., & Blundell, J. E. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27706 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Carbohydrates for Exercise: Dietary Demands for Optimal Performance
COSTILL, D. L. (1988) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024971 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The effect of graded levels of exercise on energy intake and balance in free-living women
Stubbs, R., Sepp, A., Hughes, D., Johnstone, A., King, N., Horgan, G., & Blundell, J. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801874 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Ueda, S.-Y., Yoshikawa, T., Katsura, Y., Usui, T., & Fujimoto, S. (2009) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-09-0190 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Low Energy Availability in the Marathon and Other Endurance Sports
Loucks, A. B. (2007) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200737040-00019 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationStubbs, R. J., Hughes, D. A., Johnstone, A. M., Whybrow, S., Horgan, G. W., King, N. A., & Blundell, J. E. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00196.2003 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Stubbs, R. J., Sepp, A.-L. I., Hughes, D., Johnstone, A. M., Horgan, G. W., King, N. A., & Blundell, J. E. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601295 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
King, J. A., Miyashita, M., Wasse, L. K., & Stensel, D. J. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.002 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Gender differences in carbohydrate loading are related to energy intake
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Zawada, C., Richmond, L. B., Carter, S., Shearer, J., Graham, T., & Phillips, S. M. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.225 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Fudge, B. W., Westerterp, K. R., Kiplamai, F. K., Onywera, V. O., Boit, M. K., Kayser, B., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2006) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20051608 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Artioli, G. G., Franchini, É., Nicastro, H., et al. (2010) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-7-15 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Food and macronutrient intake of elite Kenyan distance runners
Onywera, V. O., Kiplamai, F. K., Tuitoek, P. J., Boit, M. K., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2004) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.6.709 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Pollock, N., Grogan, C., Perry, M., Pedlar, C., Cooke, K., Morrissey, D., & Dimitriou, L. (2010) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.5.418 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Female athlete triad in elite swimmers of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Schtscherbyna, A., Soares, E. A., de Oliveira, F. P., et al. (2009) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2008.11.029 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Determinants of Ski-Jump Performance and Implications for Health, Safety and Fairness
Müller, W. (2009) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200939020-00001 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Lancaster, G. I., Khan, Q., Drysdale, P., WALLACE, F. A., Jeukendrup, A. E., Drayson, M. T., & Gleeson, M. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00754.2004 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
NCAA Rule Change Improves Weight Loss among National Championship Wrestlers
Oppliger, R. A., Utter, A. C., Scott, J. R., et al. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000218143.69719.b4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Effects of Varying Dietary Fat on Performance and Metabolism in Trained Male and Female Runners
Horvath, P. J., Eagen, C. K., Fisher, N. M., Leddy, J. J., & Pendergast, D. R. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718914 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Underweight in Ski Jumping: The Solution of the Problem
Müller, W., Groeschl, W., Müller, R., & Sudi, K. M. (2006) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2006-923844 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Bergouignan, A., Momken, I., Schoeller, D. A., Normand, S., Zahariev, A., Besson-Lescure, B., Simon, C., & Blanc, S. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
European Respiratory Monograph
Wunderink, R. G. (2015) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000954 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure of Elite Cyclists During Preseason Training
Vogt, S., Heinrich, L., Schumacher, Y. O., Großhauser, M., Blum, A., König, D., Berg, A., & Schmid, A. (2005) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2004-830438 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The effect of exercise on food intake in men and women
Staten, M. A. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.1.27 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Nutritional and exercise-related determinants of bone density in elite female runners
Gibson, J. H., Mitchell, A., Harries, M., & Reeve, J. (2004) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-004-1589-2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cross-sectional evidence of suppressed bone mineral accrual among female adolescent runners
Barrack, M. T., Rauh, M. J., & Nichols, J. F. (2010) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.63 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Energy and Macronutrient Intakes of Elite Figure Skaters
Ziegler, P. J., NELSON, J. A., Barratt-Fornell, A., FIVEASH, L., & Drewnowski, A. (2001) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00083-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Hagmar, M., Hirschberg, A. L., Berglund, L., & Berglund, B. (2008) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e31804c77bd · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Muscle glycogen supercompensation: absence of a gender-related difference
James, A. P., Lorraine, M., Cullen, D., Goodman, C., Dawson, B., Palmer, N. T., & Fournier, P. A. (2001) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210100499 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Evaluation of Nutritional Intake in Canadian High-Performance Athletes
Lun, V. M. Y., Erdman, K. A., & Reimer, R. A. (2009) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e3181b5413b · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Promotion of Healthy Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes
(2005) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2314 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Effects of Varying Dietary Fat on the Nutrient Intake in Male and Female Runners
Horvath, P. J., Eagen, C. K., Ryer-Calvin, S. D., & Pendergast, D. R. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718913 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ballard, T. P., Melby, C. L., Camus, H., Cianciulli, M., Pitts, J., Schmidt, S. L., & Hickey, M. S. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.03.018 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Carbohydrate Distribution Over the Day in Type 2 Diabetes Participants
Rodríguez, M. E. V., Keim, K. S., & Morgan, M. K. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.06.104 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Nonhomeostatic Control of Human Appetite and Physical Activity in Regulation of Energy Balance
Borer, K. T. (2010) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3181e3728f · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effects of endurance running and dietary fat on circulating ghrelin and peptide YY.
Russel, R. R., Willis, K. S., Ravussin, É., & Larson‐Meyer, E. (2009) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Energy metabolism and body composition: general principles
Westerterp, K. R. (2003) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Meyer, N., Sherman, R., Steffen, K., Budgett, R., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502 · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works
Exercise management in type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement
Riddell, M. C., Gallen, I. W., Smart, C. E., Taplin, C. E., Adolfsson, P., Lumb, A. N., Kowalski, A., Rabasa-Lhoret, R., McCrimmon, R. J., Hume, C., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30014-1 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Lundy, B., Melin, A., Meyer, N., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Logue, D. M., Madigan, S. M., Melin, A., Delahunt, E., Heinen, M., Donnell, S.-J. M., & Corish, C. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12030835 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Heikura, I. A., Uusitalo, A. L. T., Stellingwerff, T., Bergland, D., Mero, A. A., & Burke, L. M. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0313 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review
Sim, M., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Cox, G. R., Govus, A., McKay, A. K. A., Stellingwerff, T., & Peeling, P. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Logue, D., Madigan, S. M., Delahunt, E., Heinen, M., Mc Donnell, S.-J., & Corish, C. A. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0790-3 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Areta, J. L., Burke, L. M., Camera, D. M., West, D. W. D., Crawshay, S., Moore, D. R., Stellingwerff, T., Phillips, S. M., Hawley, J. A., & Coffey, V. G. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00590.2013 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Areta, J. L., Taylor, H. L., & Koehler, K. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Heydenreich, J., Kayser, B., Schutz, Y., & Melzer, K. (2017) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0076-1 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Stellingwerff, T., Heikura, I. A., Meeusen, R., Bermon, S., Seiler, S., Mountjoy, M. L., & Burke, L. M. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01491-0 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review
Wohlgemuth, K. J., Arieta, L. R., Brewer, G. J., Hoselton, A. L., Gould, L. M., & Smith-Ryan, A. E. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00422-8 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Within‐day energy deficiency and reproductive function in female endurance athletes
Fahrenholtz, I. L., Sjödin, A., Benardot, D., Tornberg, Å. B., Skouby, S., Faber, J., Sundgot‐Borgen, J. K., & Melin, A. K. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13030 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Allaway, H. C. M., Southmayd, E. A., & De Souza, M. J. (2016) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2015-0053 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Low‐energy density and high fiber intake are dietary concerns in female endurance athletes
Melin, A., Tornberg, Å. B., Skouby, S., Møller, S. S., Faber, J., Sundgot‐Borgen, J., & Sjödin, A. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12516 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Low energy availability in female athletes: from the lab to the field
Heikura, I. A., Stellingwerff, T., & Areta, J. L. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1915391 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Haakonssen, E. C., Ross, M. L., Knight, E. J., Cato, L. E., Nana, A., Wluka, A. E., Cicuttini, F. M., Wang, B. H., Jenkins, D. G., & Burke, L. M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123302 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Civil, R., Lamb, A., Loosmore, D., Ross, L., Livingstone, K., Strachan, F., Dick, J. R., Stevenson, E. J., Brown, M. A., & Witard, O. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00136 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Low Energy Availability in Exercising Women: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions
Slater, J., Brown, R., McLay-Cooke, R., & Black, K. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0583-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Muscle Glycogen Content during Endurance Training under Low Energy Availability
KOJIMA, C., ISHIBASHI, A., TANABE, Y., IWAYAMA, K., KAMEI, A., TAKAHASHI, H., & GOTO, K. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002098 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Iron Metabolism: Interactions with Energy and Carbohydrate Availability
McKay, A. K. A., Pyne, D. B., Burke, L. M., & Peeling, P. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123692 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kuikman, M. A., Mountjoy, M., & Burr, J. F. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082601 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete
West, S., Monteyne, A. J., van der Heijden, I., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“absolute energy requirements, failure to reach energy balance, or conditions of prolonged low energy availability [17], can rapidly result in an increased risk of injury, illness, overtraining syndrome, and (undesired) weight loss (including muscle mass) [14, 19], impairing training adaptation and performance [13,16,1…”
BackgroundLow Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: What Coaches Should Know
Charlton, B. T., Forsyth, S., & Clarke, D. C. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541211054458 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Impey, S. G., Smith, D., Robinson, A. L., Owens, D. J., Bartlett, J. D., Smith, K., Limb, M., Tang, J., Fraser, W. D., Close, G. L., et al. (2015) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1876-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Jordan, S. L., Albracht-Schulte, K., & Robert-McComb, J. J. (2020) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100229 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Examination of the Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Components among Competitive Cheerleaders
Smith, A. B., Gay, J. L., Arent, S. M., Sarzynski, M. A., Emerson, D. M., & Torres-McGehee, T. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031375 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Is RED-S in athletes just another face of malnutrition?
Peklaj, E., Reščič, N., Koroušic´ Seljak, B., & Rotovnik Kozjek, N. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.01.031 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nutritional Needs of the Female Athlete: Risk and Prevention of Low Energy Availability
Black, K. E., Baker, D. F., & Sims, S. T. (2020) · Strength & Conditioning Journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000464 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Þegar orkuna skortir–áhrif hlutfallslegs orkuskorts í íþróttum (RED-s) á heilsu og árangur
Faculty of Health promotion, S. A. L. S., Varðardóttir, B., Guðmundsdóttir, S. L., Faculty of Health promotion, S. A. L. S., Ólafsdóttir, A. S., & Faculty of Health promotion, S. A. L. S. (2020) · Læknablaðið · doi:10.17992/lbl.2020.09.596 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Loucks, A. B., Kiens, B., & Wright, H. H.
- Affiliations
- Ohio University (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- North-West University (ZA)
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- sup1
- Pages
- S7-S15
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2098823186
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- energy availability, energy balance, athletes, low energy availability, appetite, ad libitum energy intake, exercise energy expenditure, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Appetite, Energy Intake, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Nutritional Status, Sports, Exercise, Athletes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
