The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Overstated Claims of Efficacy and Safety. Comment On: “Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect Against Viral Infections”. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1181
Open accessAbstract
Calder et al [...].
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The RDA values of antioxidants are based on an adjusted estimation of the average physiological requirement of a nutrient, bioavailability, and variation of their intake by the U.S. population.
“The RDA values of antioxidants are based on an adjusted estimation of the average physiological requirement of a nutrient, bioavailability, and variation of their intake by the U.S. population; doses of antioxidants may be higher to optimize biological processes such as immune protection; however, more research is needed to determine the best dose in each scenario125–127.”
From Key points for the development of antioxidant cocktails to prevent cellular stress and damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during manned space missions (2021) · cites this paper as [127]
The opening passage mentions that some recommended nutrient intakes exceed the RDA, but does not explain how antioxidant RDAs are calculated. A search of our copy for physiological requirements, bioavailability, and variation in U.S. intake found no passage addressing the claimed basis for those values. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigher intake of antioxidants than RDA may help support the immune system of populations with high stress or exposure to environmental pollution, including astronauts.
“It is reasonable to think that a higher intake of antioxidants than those recommended by the RDA may help to support the immune system of populations with high stress or exposure to environmental pollution, and this may include astronauts.”
From Key points for the development of antioxidant cocktails to prevent cellular stress and damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during manned space missions (2021) · cites this paper as [127]
The introduction mentions another review’s recommendations for some nutrient intakes above the RDA, but does not endorse them. Example 1 discusses uncertain benefits of antioxidant-rich formulas for acute respiratory distress syndrome; no passage addresses immune support from higher antioxidant intake in people exposed to high stress or pollution, including astronauts. Searches for those populations and for antioxidant intake above the RDA found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Li, R., Zhao, W., Wang, J., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Tseng, Y., & Bu, H. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/1837634 · Cited by 102
RetractedCalder, P., Carr, A., Gombart, A., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041181 · Cited by 972
Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold
Hemilä, H., & Chalker, E. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000980.pub4 · Cited by 869
Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia
Hemilä, H., & Louhiala, P. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005532.pub3 · Cited by 205
Calder, P. C., Carr, A. C., Gombart, A. F., & Eggersdorfer, M. L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082326 · Cited by 164
Immunonutrition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults
Dushianthan, A., Cusack, R., Burgess, V. A., Grocott, M. P. W., & Calder, P. C. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012041.pub2 · Cited by 91
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 7 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gómez, X., Sanon, S., Zambrano, K., Asquel, S., Bassantes, M., Morales, J. E., Otáñez, G., Pomaquero, C., Villarroel, S., Zurita, A., et al. (2021) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-021-00162-8 · Cited by 92
Eccles, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Allergy · doi:10.3389/falgy.2023.1224988 · Cited by 50
Effects of diets, foods and nutrients on immunity: Implications for COVID‐19?
Lockyer, S. (2020) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12470 · Cited by 28
Calder, P. C., Carr, A. C., Gombart, A. F., & Eggersdorfer, M. L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092696 · Cited by 11
Krupa-Kotara, K. H., Grajek, M. K., Murzyn, A., Słoma-Krześlak, M., Sobczyk, K., Białek-Dratwa, A., & Kowalski, O. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12121976 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Vorland, C. J., Bohan Brown, M. M., Kyle, T. K., & Brown, A. W.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Independent Scientist, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- ConscienHealth, Pittsburgh, PA 15241, USA
- Corresponding author
- Vorland, Colby J.
- Brown, Andrew W.
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-09-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2690
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7551966
- OpenAlex
- W3082846219
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (N/A)
- National Institutes of Health (R25HL124208, R25DK099080)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Keywords
- immune function, nutritional status, viral infection, vitamin supplementation, efficacy claims, safety claims
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Nutrients, Humans, Immune System, Nutritional Status, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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