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Role of the Intestinal Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier and Psychobiotics in Depression
Open accessAbstract
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. As determined, the microbiota influences the shaping and modulation of the functioning of the gut–brain axis. The intestinal microbiota has a significant impact on processes related to neurotransmitter synthesis, the myelination of neurons in the prefrontal cortex, and is also involved in the development of the amygdala and hippocampus. Intestinal bacteria are also a source of vitamins, the deficiency of which is believed to be related to the response to antidepressant therapy and may lead to exacerbation of depressive symptoms. Additionally, it is known that, in periods of excessive activation of stress reactions, the immune system also plays an important role, negatively affecting the tightness of the intestinal barrier and intestinal microflora. In this review, we have summarized the role of the gut microbiota, its metabolites, and diet in susceptibility to depression. We also describe abnormalities in the functioning of the intestinal barrier caused by increased activity of the immune system in response to stressors. Moreover, the presented study discusses the role of psychobiotics in the prevention and treatment of depression through their influence on the intestinal barrier, immune processes, and functioning of the nervous system.
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“On the one hand, in pathological states in which gut bacteria are displaced and their abundance is altered, the intestinal microbiota produces pro-inflammatory cytokines such as lipopolysaccharides (e.g., endotoxin LPS) during the processes of composition and catabolism, and these affect the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and glutamate, ultimately leading to the development of”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Trzeciak, P., & Herbet, M.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Lublin (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Herbet, Mariola
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-03-12
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 927
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8000572
- OpenAlex
- W3136512166
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 209
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, depression, gut-brain axis, intestinal barrier, psychobiotics, neurotransmitter synthesis, myelination, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, vitamin deficiency, antidepressant response, stress response, immune system, gut microbiota metabolites, diet, depression vulnerability
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Depression, Diet, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Probiotics
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