CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 31Parathyroid Disorders and TreatmentsNutritional Studies and DietNutrition and Health Studies

Trends in Total, Added, and Natural Phosphorus Intake in Adult Americans, NHANES 1988–1994 to NHANES 2015–2016

Open access
Fulgoni, Kristin, Fulgoni, Victor L.·2021·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu13072249PMC PMC8308364
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Dietary phosphorus intake in the USA has been consistently greater than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) with several studies reporting associations between intake and health risks as well as all-cause mortality within healthy subjects and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The current study utilized a novel approach to calculate added phosphorus content in foods to determine sources (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 2001–2016, n = 39,796) and trends in consumption (NHANES 1988–1994, 2001–2016, n = 55,744) of total, naturally occurring, and added phosphorus. Among adults (19+ years), the mean intake of total and natural phosphorus (mg/day) in 1988–1994 as compared with 2015–2016 increased (total: 1292 ± SE 11 vs. 1398 ± SE 17; natural: 1113 ± SE 10 vs. 1243 ± SE 16 mg/day); in contrast, added phosphorus intake decreased during this time (178 ± SE 2.9 vs. 155 ± SE 4.1 mg/day). Added phosphorus as a percent of total ranged from about 14.6% in 1988–1994 to about 11.6% in 2015–2016. The top five sources of total and naturally occurring phosphorus, representing approximately 20% of intake, were cheese, pizza, chicken (whole pieces), reduced-fat milk, and eggs/omelets. The top five sources of added phosphorus were cheese, soft drinks, cakes/pies, rolls/buns, and cookies/brownies, representing 45% of added phosphorus in the diet. Consumption of added phosphorus has decreased over the past few decades, possibly due to increased demand for foods with less additives/ingredients but may also be due to inaccurate phosphorus values in nutrition databases. Further studies are needed to validate the added phosphorus calculations utilized in this study and nutrition databases should consider providing added phosphorus content.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu13072249

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The high Pi diet reflects real Pi intake in many industrialized countries, as suggested by NHANES data showing average phosphorus intake in adults in the range of 1200-1400 mg/day.

    “In contrast, our high Pi diet rather reflects real Pi intake in many industrialized countries as suggested by data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) showing average phosphorus intake in adults in the range of 1200–1400 mg/day [21].”

    From Controlled dietary phosphate loading in healthy young men elevates plasma phosphate and FGF23 levels (2025) · cites this paper as [21]

    The Abstract reports mean total phosphorus intake of 1292 mg/day in 1988–1994 and 1398 mg/day in 2015–2016 among U.S. adults, supporting the stated range. The study’s NHANES data concern Americans, however, and do not establish that this intake is typical across many industrialized countries. It also distinguishes total phosphorus from added phosphorus, rather than measuring the intake of inorganic phosphate specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [1]Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride National Academies Press Washington, DC, USA 1998 23115811
  2. [2]Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes Phosphorus National Academies Press Washington, DC, USA 1997 Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK109813/ (accessed on 23 February 2021)
  3. [9]Goyal R. Jialal I. Hyperphosphatemia StatPearls StatPearls Publishing Treasure Island, FL, USA 2020 Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551586/ (accessed on 31 January 2021)

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Fulgoni, K., & Fulgoni, V. L.
Affiliations
Nutrition Impact, LLC, Battle Creek, MI 49014, USA
Corresponding author
Fulgoni, Victor L.
ORCID
Fulgoni, Victor L.
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-06-29
Volume
13
Issue
7
Pages
2249
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu13072249
PMC
PMC8308364
OpenAlex
W3176109706
Cited by
31
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6
FWCI
3.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
Keywords
dietary phosphorus intake, chronic kidney disease, phosphorus sources, cheese, soft drinks, nutrition databases, recommended daily allowance
MeSH terms
Adult, Diet, Eating, Female, Food Additives, Humans, Male, Nutrition Surveys, United States, Phosphorus, Dietary, Young Adult, Recommended Dietary Allowances

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review