HPLC/MSn Profiling and Healing Activity of a Muco-Adhesive Formula of Salvadora persica against Acetic Acid-Induced Oral Ulcer in Rats
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Salvadora persica L. (S. persica, Siwak) is an ethnic plant that is widely used for improving oral hygiene. This study aimed to provide a phytochemical profiling of S. persica ethyl acetate fraction (SPEAF) and to evaluate the healing activity of a muco-adhesive formula of the fraction against acetic acid-induced oral ulcers in rats. HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS-MS analysis of SPEAF resulted in the tentative identification of 56 metabolites containing fatty acids (23%), urea derivatives (10.5%) and sulphur compounds (10%), in addition to several amides, polyphenols and organic acids (6.5%, 5% and 2%, respectively). For the first time, 19 compounds were identified from S. persica. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the extract is non-toxic. SPEAF exhibited superior healing activities compared to both the negative and positive control groups on days 7 and 14 of tongue ulcer induction. This was confirmed by histopathological examinations of haematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome-stained tongue sections. Moreover, SPEAF showed potent anti-inflammatory activities, as evidenced by the inhibited expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, SPEAF exhibited potent antioxidant activity, as it prevented malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion and superoxide dismutase (SOD) exhaustion. SPEAF significantly enhanced hydroxyproline tongue content and upregulated collagen type I alpha 1 (Col1A1) mRNA expression. SPEAF also improved angiogenesis, as shown by the increased mRNA expression of the angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1). In conclusion, S. persica has a wide range of secondary metabolites and ameliorates acetic acid-induced tongue ulcers in rats. This can be attributed, at least partly, to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, procollagen and angiogenic activities. These findings provide support and validity for the use of S. persica as a traditional and conventional treatment for oral disorders.
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Fifty compounds were tentatively identified in TEAD, including phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids and their derivatives, phytosterols, triterpenoids and steroids.
“Fifty compounds were tentatively identified, including phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and their derivatives [41]. In addition, phytosterols, triterpenoids and steroids were also identified.”
From Phytoecdysteroids and Anabolic Effect of Atriplex dimorphostegia: UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling, In Silico and In Vivo Models (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
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References 78 · Cited by 19
- Authors
- Ayoub, N., Badr, N., Al-Ghamdi, S. S., Alsanosi, S., Alzahrani, A. R., Abdel-Naim, A. B., Nematallah, K. A., & Swilam, N.
- Affiliations
- Umm al-Qura University (SA)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- British University in Egypt (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Ayoub, Nahla
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-12-22
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8746813
- OpenAlex
- W4200566917
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- This research is fully funded by DSR at UQU, KSA. (This research is fully funded by DSR at UQU, KSA.)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Keywords
- Salvadora persica, siwak, ethyl acetate fraction, phytochemical profiling, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, angiogenesis, type I collagen, interleukin-6, TNF-α, fatty acids, sulfur compounds, oral ulcers, traditional medicine
- MeSH terms
- Adhesives, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Male, Plant Extracts, Random Allocation, Mass Spectrometry, Wound Healing, Rats, Wistar, Oxidative Stress, Oral Ulcer, Acetic Acid, Salvadoraceae, Rats
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