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Cited by 11Phytochemical Studies and BioactivitiesHormonal and reproductive studiesMedicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds

Phytoecdysteroids and Anabolic Effect of Atriplex dimorphostegia: UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling, In Silico and In Vivo Models

Open access
Zaghloul, Eman, Handousa, Heba, Singab, Abdel Nasser B., Elmazar, Mohey M., Ayoub, Iriny M., Swilam, Noha·2023·Plants
DOI 10.3390/plants12010206PMC PMC9824417
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Abstract

Atriplex dimorphostegia (Saltbush) is an annual halophytic shrub that is widely distributed across various parts of Asia. The current study is the first to report the metabolites profile of the total ethanol extract of the aerial parts of A. dimorphostegia (TEAD), and its anabolic activity together with the isolated 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in orchidectomized male rats. TEAD was analyzed and standardized utilizing UPLC-PDA-ESI–MS/MS and UPLC-PDA-UV techniques, resulting in tentative identification of fifty compounds including polyphenols, steroids and triterpenoids. In addition, 20-HE was quantified, representing 26.79 μg/mg of the extract. Phytochemical investigation of TEAD resulted in the isolation of 20-HE from the ethyl acetate fraction (EFAD) and was identified by conventional spectroscopic methods of analysis. Furthermore, the anabolic effect of the isolated 20-HE and TEAD was then evaluated using in silico and in vivo models. Molecular docking experiments revealed in vitro selectivity of 20-HE towards estrogen receptors (ERs), specifically ERβ over ERα and androgenic receptor (AR). The anabolic efficacy of TEAD and 20-HE was studied in orchidectomized immature male Wistar rats using the weight of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The weights of ventral prostate and seminal vesicles were used as indicators for androgenic activity. Rats administered 20-HE and TEAD showed a significant increase (p = 0.0006 and p < 0.0001) in the net muscle mass compared to the negative control, while the group receiving TEAD showed the highest percentage among all groups at p < 0.0001. Histopathological investigation of skeletal muscle fibers showed normal morphological structures, and the group administered 20-HE showed an increase in cross sectional area of muscle fibers comparable to methandienone and testosterone groups at p > 0.99. A. dimorphostegia exhibited promising anabolic activity with minimal androgenic side effects.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The first metabolic profiling of *Atriplex dimorphostegia* aerial-parts ethanol extract tentatively identified 50 compounds and quantified 20-hydroxyecdysone at 26.79 µg/mg. In orchidectomized male rats, TEAD and 20-HE increased muscle mass with low androgenic effects, while docking suggested 20-HE selectively binds ERβ over ERα and AR.

Key findings

  • UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS tentatively identified 50 compounds, including polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, phytosterols, triterpenoids, and steroids; 20-HE was quantified at 26.79 ± 0.57 µg/mg of TEAD.
  • In orchidectomized immature male Wistar rats, 20-HE and TEAD increased net muscle mass versus negative control by 76% and 112% (p = 0.0006 and p < 0.0001); TEAD showed the highest muscle mass percentage (0.64%), two-fold the negative control.
  • Testosterone increased prostate and seminal vesicle mass 14-fold versus negative control and 17-fold versus 20-HE/TEAD groups (p < 0.0001); methandienone had the highest anabolic ratios (27.92 and 8.79), while TEAD was not significantly different from methandienone (p > 0.99).
  • Docking indicated 20-HE binds ERβ similarly to estradiol, with steric clashes in ERα and AR binding sites suggesting ERβ selectivity; 20-HE and TEAD showed IC50 > 100 µg/mL in human skeletal muscle cells.

Methods

  • Plant material was extracted by maceration in absolute ethanol, fractionated with n-hexane then ethyl acetate, and 20-HE was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction and identified by NMR and LC-ESI-MS; TEAD was profiled and standardized by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS and UPLC-PDA-UV.
  • In silico docking used PDB structures 3OLL, 3UUD, and 2AM9 for ERβ, ERα, and AR with AutoDock Vina in Chimera; validation RMSD values were 0.508, 0.643, and 0.751.
  • In vivo: 25 immature male Wistar rats were orchidectomized, 23 were randomized into five groups, and treated for 10 days with vehicle, methandienone (5 mg/kg), testosterone enanthate (0.1 mg/kg), 20-HE (5 mg/kg), or TEAD (185 mg/kg); muscle bundle, sex organs, histology, cross-sectional area, and fiber number were assessed using ANOVA with Tukey–Kramer post hoc tests.

Limitations

  • The paper states that future studies are needed on the pharmacokinetics of TEAD and 20-HE in rats, as well as lifespan, biodistribution, and muscle tissue retention, and that further clinical investigation is warranted.
  • Evident from the text: the in vivo study was small (23 rats) and short-term (10 days), used only orchidectomized immature male rats, and did not include female or intact animals.
  • Evident from the text: metabolite identification was tentative by UPLC-MS/MS, and the selectivity conclusion relies on docking rather than direct receptor-binding assays.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/plants12010206

Cites

89 of 89 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 34 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    TEAD contains 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) at 26.79 ± 0.57 μg per mg of extract.

    “Each mg of TEAD was shown to contain 26.79 ± 0.57 µg of 20-HE.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The docked pose of 20-HE in the ERβ binding site is similar to that of the co-crystallized ligand estradiol.

    “The docked pose of 20-HE in the binding site of ERβ reveals a binding mode similar to that of the co-crystallized ligand, estradiol.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Administration of 20-HE increased net muscle mass in orchidectomized male rats compared to the negative control by 76% (p = 0.0006).

    “Similarly, the administration of 20-HE and TEAD increased the net mass of muscles significantly (p = 0.0006 and p < 0.0001) compared to the negative control by 76% and 112%, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    The molecular formula of the isolated 20-HE is C27H44O7.

    “A molecular formula of C27H44O7 related to 20-HE was then deduced and confirmed according to the literature [36,37,38,39].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [36] Nguir, 2015, New Septanoside and 20-Hydroxyecdysone Septanoside Derivative from Atriplex portulacoides Roots with Preliminary Biological Activities, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Olennikov, 2018, Makisterone C-20,22-Acetonide from Rhaponticum uniflorum, Chem. Nat. Compd. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Yusupova, 2022, Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Dianthus helenae Vved., Growing in Uzbekistan, Nat. Prod. Res.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] Girault, 1988, The Complete 1H-NMR Assignment of Ecdysone and 20-Hydroxyecdysone, J. Insect Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    There was no significant difference in net muscle mass between the 20-HE and TEAD groups (p > 0.5).

    “There was no significant (p > 0.5) difference between 20-HE and TEAD (Figure 8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • May combine two claims. 17
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    20-HE exhibits in silico selectivity towards estrogen receptors (ERs), specifically ERβ over ERα and the androgenic receptor (AR).

    “Molecular docking experiments revealed in vitro selectivity of 20-HE towards estrogen receptors (ERs), specifically ERβ over ERα and androgenic receptor (AR).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Fifty compounds were tentatively identified in TEAD, including phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids and their derivatives, phytosterols, triterpenoids and steroids.

    “Fifty compounds were tentatively identified, including phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and their derivatives [41]. In addition, phytosterols, triterpenoids and steroids were also identified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Ayoub, N., Badr, N., Al-Ghamdi, S.S., Alsanosi, S., Alzahrani, A.R., Abdel-Naim, A.B., Nematallah, K.A., and Swilam, N. (2022). Hplc/Msn Profiling and Healing Activity of a Muco-Adhesive Formula of Salvadora persica against Acetic Acid-Induced Oral Ulcer in Rats. Nutrients, 14. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    20-HE was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction (EFAD) of A. dimorphostegia and identified as a white crystalline solid (55 mg, mp 237.5-239.5 °C).

    “Phytochemical investigation of the EFAD led to the isolation and identification of 20-HE as a white crystalline solid (Figure 1) (55 mg, mp. 237.5–239.5 °C) [34].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Argay, 2002, Crystal Structures of Ecdysteroids: The Role of Solvent Molecules in Hydrogen Bonding and Isostructurality, Acta Cryst. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The muscle bundle to prostate and seminal vesicles ratio in the TEAD group was significantly different from the negative control (p = 0.002) and testosterone (p < 0.0001).

    “The muscle bundle to prostate and seminal vesicles ratio showed a significant difference in the group receiving TEAD when compared to the negative control and testosterone groups at p values of 0.002 and <0.0001 respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Testosterone treatment produced the maximum increase in muscle fiber size (1017 ± 100 μm2), with no significant difference compared to 20-HE (941 ± 168 μm2) (p = 0.67).

    “While testosterone treatment showed a maximum increase in muscle fiber size (1017 ± 100 µm²), there was no significant (p = 0.67) difference when compared to 20-HE (941 ± 168 µm²).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The testosterone group had the lowest anabolic to androgenic ratios (1.01 and 1.07), significantly different from the methandienone group (p < 0.0001 and 0.0005).

    “The group receiving testosterone showed the lowest ratios (1.01 and 1.07), significantly different from the methandienone group at p values of <0.0001 and 0.0005, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was no significant difference in the muscle bundle to prostate and seminal vesicles ratio between TEAD and methandienone (p > 0.99) or between TEAD and 20-HE (p > 0.99).

    “There is no significant (p > 0.99) difference between the group receiving TEAD when compared to methandienone, and neither is there a significant difference when compared to 20-HE (p > 0.99).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The 20-HE group did not differ significantly from the negative control in the muscle bundle to prostate and seminal vesicles ratio, but differed significantly from testosterone (p = 0.0036).

    “When comparing the group receiving 20-HE compared to the negative control, the difference is not significant, but the difference compared to testosterone is significant at p = 0.0036.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The methandienone group had the highest number of muscle fibers (49.5 ± 4.5), significantly higher than the 20-HE and TEAD groups (p < 0.0001).

    “The group receiving methandienone showed the highest number of muscle fibers (49.5 ± 4.5), significantly higher than the groups receiving 20-HE and TEAD at p < 0.0001.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Histopathological examination showed almost normal morphological structures of skeletal muscle fibers, without abnormal subcellular alterations, inflammatory infiltrates, or vascular abnormalities.

    “All samples stained with H&E demonstrated almost normal morphological structures of skeletal muscle fibers, without abnormal subcellular alterations with normal intact intermuscular fine connective tissue, without abnormal inflammatory cell infiltrates and with normal vasculatures (Figure 13).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The methandienone group had the highest anabolic to androgenic ratios (27.92 and 8.79), significantly different from the negative control (p = 0.001 and 0.01).

    “The group receiving methandienone had the highest anabolic ratios (27.92 and 8.79), showing a significant difference when compared to the negative control at p values of 0.001 and 0.01, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The TEAD group showed the highest muscle mass percentage (0.64%) among all groups, two-fold compared to the negative control.

    “The group receiving TEAD showed the highest percentage (0.64%) among all groups, two-fold compared to the negative control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Steric clashes negatively influence the binding stability of 20-HE in the binding sites of ERα and AR, and indirectly improve its selectivity towards ERβ.

    “The docked poses of 20-HE revealed that the steric clashes negatively influence the binding stability of 20-HE in the binding sites of ERα and AR, and indirectly improve selectivity towards ERβ.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    A. dimorphostegia exhibited promising anabolic activity with minimal androgenic side effects.

    “A. dimorphostegia exhibited promising anabolic activity with minimal androgenic side effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    TEAD is a potential anabolic agent containing 20-HE together with other secondary metabolites previously reported to have anabolic effects and activities that promote muscle health.

    “It could be concluded that TEAD is a potential anabolic agent containing 20-HE together with other secondary metabolites which previously reported to have anabolic effects and activities that promote muscle health [7,73,74,75,76,77,78].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [7] Isenmann, 2019, Ecdysteroids as Non-Conventional Anabolic Agent: Performance Enhancement by Ecdysterone Supplementation in Humans, Arch. Toxicol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [73] Hamed, 2014, el Chemo-protective effect on hepato-renal toxcicity and cytotoxic activity of lipoidal matter of atriplex lindleyi moq, Orig. Artic. Artic. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [74] Rozenberg, 2003, Phytosterol Analysis and Characterization in Spelt (Triticum aestivum Ssp. Spelta L.) and Wheat (T. Aestivum L.) Lipids by LC/APCI-MS, J. Cereal Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [75] Chen, 2011, Identification and Quantification of Oleanolic Acid and Ursolic Acid in Chinese Herbs by Liquid Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry, Biomed. Chromatogr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [76] Chermnykh, 1988, The Action of Methandrostenolone and Ecdysterone on the Physical Endurance of Animals and on Protein Metabolism in the Skeletal Muscles, Farm. Toksikol.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [77] Wang, 2020, Antioxidant Apigenin Relieves Age-Related Muscle Atrophy by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Hyperactive Mitophagy and Apoptosis in Skeletal Muscle of Mice, J. Gerontol. -Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [78] Jang, 2017, Apigenin Enhances Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Myoblast Differentiation by Regulating Prmt7, Oncotarget source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    A calibration curve for 20-HE was established with the equation y = 0.1248x + 1.1292 and a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9892.

    “The calibration curve equation was established as y = 0.1248x + 1.1292 with a correlation coefficient of R² = 0.9892 (Figure 2b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Molecular docking used PDB entries 3OLL, 3UUD and 2AM9 for ERβ, ERα and AR, respectively, selected as ligand-bound crystal structures to allow ligand docking into the ligand-binding site.

    “In these experiments, the protein data bank (PDB) entries 3OLL, 3UUD and 2AM9 were used for ERβ, ERα and AR, respectively [84,85,86]. These crystal structures were specifically selected as they are in ligand-bound states and therefore their conformations would allow ligand docking into the ligand-binding site.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [84] Cantin, 2006, Comparison of Crystal Structures of Human Androgen Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain Complexed with Various Agonists Reveals Molecular Determinants Responsible for Binding Affinity, Protein Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [85] Rose, 2010, Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Phosphorylated Estrogen Receptor Ligand Binding Domain, ChemBioChem source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [86] Delfosse, 2012, Structural and Mechanistic Insights into Bisphenols Action Provide Guidelines for Risk Assessment and Discovery of Bisphenol A Substitutes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Selective activation of ERβ potently induces regeneration and fibrogenesis in toxin-injured muscle in female rats.

    “Accumulating evidence showed that selective activation of ERβ potently induces regeneration and fibrogenesis in toxin-injured muscle in female rats [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Velders, 2012, Selective Estrogen Receptor-β Activation Stimulates Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration, FASEB J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The current study is the first to report the metabolites profile of the total ethanol extract of the aerial parts of A. dimorphostegia (TEAD) and its anabolic activity together with isolated 20-HE in orchidectomized male rats.

    “The current study is the first to report the metabolites profile of the total ethanol extract of the aerial parts of A. dimorphostegia (TEAD), and its anabolic activity together with the isolated 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in orchidectomized male rats.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: No literature reports the metabolic profile of A. dimorphostegia aerial parts responsible for its anabolic potential.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The plant material was identified by Prof. Dr. Ahmed K. Othman, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia.

    “The plant collected was identified by Prof. Dr. Ahmed K. Othman, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A voucher specimen (PHG-P-AM-245) was deposited at the herbarium of the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

    “A voucher specimen was placed at the herbarium (PHG-P-AM-245) at the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both ERα and ERβ are expressed in skeletal muscles of mice and humans.

    “Both ERα and ERβ are expressed in skeletal muscles of mice and humans [10,12,13,14].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [10] Wiik, 2009, Expression of Both Oestrogen Receptor Alpha and Beta in Human Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Histochem. Cell Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Milanesi, 2009, Expression and Subcellular Distribution of Native Estrogen Receptor β in Murine C2C12 Cells and Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Steroids source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Wiik, 2003, Oestrogen Receptor β Is Expressed in Adult Human Skeletal Muscle Both at the MRNA and Protein Level, Acta Physiol. Scand. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [14] Milanesi, 2008, Expression and Localization of Estrogen Receptor α in the C2C12 Murine Skeletal Muscle Cell Line, J. Cell Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    20-HE has low acute toxicity.

    “the most widely investigated ecdysteroid was 20-HE due to its low acute toxicity [8,19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [8] Bathori, 2008, Phytoecdysteroids and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids - Structure and Effects on Humans, Curr. Med. Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Kacsala, 2008, 20-Hydroxyecdysone Increases Fiber Size in a Muscle-Specific Fashion in Rat, Phytomedicine source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Two rats died at days 2 and 5 after orchidectomy.

    “Rats were then left to recover for one week; two rats died at days 2 and 5.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Twenty-three rats were randomly divided into five groups.

    “Twenty-three rats with an average weight of 62.25 ± 10.26 g were randomly divided into five groups and treated with test compounds by gavage and subcutaneous (SC) injection (Figure 16).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Three independent experiments with three internal replicates were performed in the SRB-U assay.

    “Three independent experiments with three internal replicates were performed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Animal handling and experimental design were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy, British University in Egypt.

    “Handling of animals and experimental design were approved and conducted according to the guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy, British University in Egypt, Cairo. (Approval No. EX-2217).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Nine random non-overlapping fields per sample tissue section were analyzed for determination of muscle fiber cross-sectional area.

    “Nine random non-overlapping fields per sample tissue section were analyzed for determination of muscle fibers cross sectional area.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
28 of 28

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No literature reports the metabolic profile of A. dimorphostegia aerial parts responsible for its anabolic potential.

    “Considering the cited studies, nothing was found in the literature reporting the metabolic profile of A. dimorphostegia aerial parts responsible for its anabolic potential.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings of anabolic effects in orchidectomized rats are predictive of anabolic effects in humans.

    “These findings indicate that A. dimorphostegia is a promising candidate for use as an anabolic agent and warrants further clinical investigation.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Chromatography stages exceed the stated run time

    Minor

    The listed stages last 35, 15, 15, 15 and 10 minutes, totaling 90 minutes rather than the stated 70 minutes.

    Reported 70 · recomputed 90

  • Compound 27 fragment does not match the stated loss

    Minor

    Subtracting the stated 308-unit loss from the precursor at m/z 579.2 gives 271.2, not the reported fragment at m/z 345.

    Reported 345 · recomputed 271.2

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 90 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Zwetsloot, K.A., Committee Alan Utter, T.C., Member, M., Committee Kelly Cole, T.J., Poole, M.C., and Williams, C.D. (2017). Effects of Phytoecdysteroids on Skeletal Muscle Function and Protein Synthesis after Eccentric Damage. [Ph.D. Thesis, Appalachian State University].
  2. Gelin, 2003, CHENOPODIACEAE. Li Ke, Flora China, 5, 351
  3. Emam, 2011, Bioactive Constituents of Atriplex halimus Plant Shalabia, J. Nat. Prod., 4, 25
  4. Khalaf, 2011, LC/MS Analysis of Sterolic Compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra, Stud. UBB Chem., 56, 97
  5. Hamed, 2014, el Chemo-protective effect on hepato-renal toxcicity and cytotoxic activity of lipoidal matter of atriplex lindleyi moq, Orig. Artic. Artic. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 6, 187
  6. Verma, 2011, Anabolic effect of Bombax ceiba linn. root in idiopathic involuntary weight loss—A case study, J. Herb. Med. Toxicol., 5, 1

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Related

Authors
Zaghloul, E., Handousa, H., Singab, A. N. B., Elmazar, M. M., Ayoub, I. M., & Swilam, N.
Affiliations
  • British University in Egypt (EG)
  • German University in Cairo (EG)
  • Ain Shams University (EG)
  • Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo 11837, Egypt
Corresponding author
  • Singab, Abdel Nasser B.
  • Swilam, Noha
ORCID
Venue
Plants
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-01-03
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
206
ISSN
2223-7747 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/plants12010206
PMC
PMC9824417
OpenAlex
W4313466471
Cited by
11
References
90
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1
FWCI
0.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Plants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds
Keywords
phytoecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, anabolic activity, androgenic activity, orchiectomy, muscle mass, androgen receptor, polyphenols, triterpenoids, metabolite profiling

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