Lipoteichoic Acid from Heyndrickxia coagulans HOM5301 Modulates the Immune Response of RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Open accessAbstract
Heyndrickxia coagulans (formerly Bacillus coagulans) has been increasingly utilized as an immunomodulatory probiotics. Oral administration of H. coagulans HOM5301 significantly boosted both innate and adaptive immunity in mice, particularly by increasing the phagocytic capacity of monocytes/macrophages. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) in Gram-positive bacteria, exhibits differential immunomodulatory effects due to its structural heterogeneity. We extracted, purified, and characterized LTA from H. coagulans HOM5301. The results showed that HOM5301 LTA consists of a glycerophosphate backbone. Its molecular weight is in the range of 10–16 kDa. HOM5301 LTA induced greater productions of nitric oxide, TNFα, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages compared to Staphylococcus aureus LTA. Comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses identified the differentially expressed genes and proteins triggered by HOM5301 LTA. KEGG analyses revealed that HOM5301 LTA transcriptionally and translationally activated macrophages through two immune-related pathways: cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction and phagosome formation. Protein–protein interaction network analysis indicated that the pro-inflammatory response elicited by HOM5301 LTA was TLR2-dependent, possibly requiring the coreceptor CD14, and is mediated via the MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways. Our results demonstrate that LTA is an important MAMP of H. coagulans HOM5301 that boosts immune responses, suggesting that HOM5301 LTA may be a promising immunoadjuvant.
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These functions support survival in the infant gut.
“Specifically, 25 unique COGs are implicated in the import and processing of human milk sugars [84] , while others are associated with host-immune interactions [85] and osmotic and pH regulation [86] , i.e., functions that support survival in the infant gut [23,87,88] .”
From Genome-scale insights into the metabolic landscape and evolutionary development of Bifidobacterium bifidum (2026) · cites this paper as [87]
The Introduction and Discussion describe immune interactions, and the Results examine responses of RAW 264.7 macrophages to lipoteichoic acid. Our copy does not connect those functions to survival in the infant gut; searches for infant-gut survival, human milk sugars, and osmotic or pH regulation found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Zhang, S., Li, P., Zhang, X., Ding, Y., Wang, T., Lee, S., Xu, Y., Lim, C., & Shang, N.
- Affiliations
- China Agricultural University (CN)
- Food & Biotech R&D Center, Coree Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101312, China
- Corresponding author
- Shang, Nan
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-09-06
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 3014
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11396992
- OpenAlex
- W4402314921
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5
- FWCI
- 2.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201994, RD06)
- Coree Beijing Co., Ltd (32201994, RD06)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Keywords
- lipoteichoic acid, Heyndrickxia coagulans, Bacillus coagulans, probiotics, immunomodulation, macrophages, RAW 264.7 macrophages, TLR2, CD14, nitric oxide, TNF-α, interleukin-6, phagosome formation, MAPK signaling, NF-κB signaling, immunoadjuvant
- MeSH terms
- RAW 264.7 Cells, Animals, Bacillus, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophages, Nitric Oxide, Teichoic Acids, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, Probiotics, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Mice
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