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Cited by 85Spaceflight effects on biologyBone health and osteoporosis researchSpace Exploration and Technology

Space Flight Calcium: Implications for Astronaut Health, Spacecraft Operations, and Earth

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Smith, Scott, McCoy, Torin, Gazda, Daniel, Morgan, Jennifer, Heer, Martina, Zwart, Sara·2012·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu4122047PMC PMC3546622
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Abstract

The space flight environment is known to induce bone loss and, subsequently, calcium loss. The longer the mission, generally the more bone and calcium are lost. This review provides a history of bone and calcium studies related to space flight and highlights issues related to calcium excretion that the space program must consider so that urine can be recycled. It also discusses a novel technique using natural stable isotopes of calcium that will be helpful in the future to determine calcium and bone balance during space flight.

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  • Astronauts are at risk of progressive bone and cartilage loss while in space.

    “Astronauts are not only at risk of progressive bone and cartilage loss while in space but must also face the reality that space-related bone and joint changes may persist for years after their return to Earth despite efforts made to protect their skeletal systems [8,9,10,11,12,13].”

    From Osteoclasts and Microgravity (2020) · cites this paper as [11]

    Section 2, “Bone Loss” (page not supplied), reports that astronauts and cosmonauts generally lost 1.0%–1.5% of bone mineral density per month of space flight. The passages found do not address cartilage loss, so the source supports only the bone-loss part of the claim. Section 6 also notes that nutrition and resistance exercise can maintain bone mineral density during flight. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Space-related bone and joint changes may persist for years after astronauts return to Earth despite efforts to protect their skeletal systems.

    “Astronauts are not only at risk of progressive bone and cartilage loss while in space but must also face the reality that space-related bone and joint changes may persist for years after their return to Earth despite efforts made to protect their skeletal systems [8,9,10,11,12,13].”

    From Osteoclasts and Microgravity (2020) · cites this paper as [11]

    Section 2 (Bone Loss) documents bone loss during space flight, and Section 6 (Bone Loss Countermeasures) discusses efforts to prevent it. Neither passage establishes that bone or joint changes persist for years after astronauts return to Earth; the paper also reports that some nutrition and exercise regimens maintained bone mineral density during flight. No page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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References 119 · Cited by 85

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Authors
Smith, S., McCoy, T., Gazda, D., Morgan, J., Heer, M., & Zwart, S.
Affiliations
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
  • Wyle (United States) (US)
  • Oak Ridge Associated Universities (US)
  • University of Bonn (DE)
  • Universities Space Research Association (US)
Corresponding author
Smith, Scott
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2012-12-18
Volume
4
Issue
12
Pages
2047-2068
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu4122047
PMC
PMC3546622
OpenAlex
W2066071775
Cited by
85
References
119
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7
FWCI
0.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Exploration and Technology
Keywords
spaceflight, bone loss, calcium loss, calcium excretion, urine recycling, astronaut health, stable calcium isotopes, bone balance, calcium balance, long-duration spaceflight
MeSH terms
Animals, Bone and Bones, Calcium, Decalcification, Pathologic, Humans, Space Flight, Weightlessness, Bone Density, Astronauts, Spacecraft, Earth, Planet

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