CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 124Nutritional Studies and DietCancer Risks and FactorsGlobal Cancer Incidence and Screening

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Dietary Protein Sources and Incidence of Breast Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

Open access
Wu, Jing, Zeng, Rong, Huang, Junpeng, Li, Xufeng, Zhang, Jiren, Ho, James, Zheng, Yanfang·2016·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu8110730PMC PMC5133114
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Protein is important to the human body, and different sources of protein may have different effects on the risk of breast cancer. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association between different dietary protein sources and breast cancer risk. PubMed and several databases were searched until December 2015. Relevant articles were retrieved according to specific searching criteria. Forty-six prospective studies were included. The summary relative risk (RR) for highest versus lowest intake was 1.07 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.14, I2 = 34.6%) for processed meat, 0.92 (95% CI 0.84–1.00, I2 = 0%) for soy food, 0.93 (95% CI 0.85–1.00, I2 = 40.1%) for skim milk, and 0.90 (95% CI 0.82–1.00, I2 = 0%) for yogurt. Similar conclusions were obtained in dose-response association for each serving increase: total red meat (RR: 1.07; 95% CI 1.01–1.14, I2 = 7.1%), fresh red meat (RR: 1.13; 95% CI 1.01–1.26, I2 = 56.4%), processed meat (RR: 1.09; 95% CI 1.02–1.17, I2 = 11.8%), soy food (RR: 0.91; 95% CI 0.84–1.00, I2 = 0%), and skim milk (RR: 0.96; 95% CI 0.92–1.00, I2 = 11.9%). There was a null association between poultry, fish, egg, nuts, total milk, and whole milk intake and breast cancer risk. Higher total red meat, fresh red meat, and processed meat intake may be risk factors for breast cancer, whereas higher soy food and skim milk intake may reduce the risk of breast cancer.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu8110730

Cites

77 of 77 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Flow-chart of study selection.
Figure 1 Flow-chart of study selection.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Dose-response analysis of total red meat, fresh red meat, processed meat, soy foods, and skim milk intake and the risk of breast cancer. (A) Dose-response analysis of total red meat intake and the risk of breast cancer. (B) Dose-response analysis of fresh red meat intake and the risk of breast cancer. (C) Dose-response analysis of processed meat intake and the risk of breast cancer. (D) Dose-response analysis of soy foods intake and the risk of breast cancer. (E) Dose-response analysis of skim milk intake and the risk of breast cancer. Overall, relative risk calculated with random effects model. As shown in the figure, total red meat (A), fresh red meat (B), and processed red meat (C) are related to increased breast cancer risk, whereas soy food (D) and skim milk (E) are related to a decreased risk of breast cancer.
Figure 2 Dose-response analysis of total red meat, fresh red meat, processed meat, soy foods, and skim milk intake and the risk of breast cancer. (A) Dose-response analysis of total red meat intake and the risk of breast cancer. (B) Dose-response analysis of fresh red meat intake and the risk of breast cancer. (C) Dose-response analysis of processed meat intake and the risk of breast cancer. (D) Dose-response analysis of soy foods intake and the risk of breast cancer. (E) Dose-response analysis of skim milk intake and the risk of breast cancer. Overall, relative risk calculated with random effects model. As shown in the figure, total red meat (A), fresh red meat (B), and processed red meat (C) are related to increased breast cancer risk, whereas soy food (D) and skim milk (E) are related to a decreased risk of breast cancer.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Dose-response analysis of total red meat, fresh red meat, processed meat, soy foods, and skim milk intake and the risk of breast cancer. The solid line represents estimated relative risks (RRs), and dashed lines are their 95% confidence interval (CI). As shown in the figure, total red meat, fresh red meat, and processed red meat are related to an increased risk of breast cancer, whereas soy food and skim milk are related to a decreased risk of breast cancer. (A) Total red meat; (B) Fresh red meat; (C) Processed meat; (D) Soy foods; (E) Skim milk.
Figure 3 Dose-response analysis of total red meat, fresh red meat, processed meat, soy foods, and skim milk intake and the risk of breast cancer. The solid line represents estimated relative risks (RRs), and dashed lines are their 95% confidence interval (CI). As shown in the figure, total red meat, fresh red meat, and processed red meat are related to an increased risk of breast cancer, whereas soy food and skim milk are related to a decreased risk of breast cancer. (A) Total red meat; (B) Fresh red meat; (C) Processed meat; (D) Soy foods; (E) Skim milk.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Relative risk of breast cancer for highest vs. lowest category of dietary protein sources intake. (A) Relative risk of breast cancer for highest vs. lowest category of processed red meat intake; (B) Relative risk of breast cancer for highest vs. lowest category of soy food intake; (C) Relative risk of breast cancer for highest vs. lowest category of skim milk intake; (D) Relative risk of breast cancer for highest vs. lowest category of yogurt intake. Overall, relative risk calculated with a random effects model. As shown in the figure, processed red meat (A) is related to an increased risk of breast cancer, whereas soy food (B), skim milk (C), and yogurt (D) are related to decreased breast cancer risk.
Figure 4 Relative risk of breast cancer for highest vs. lowest category of dietary protein sources intake. (A) Relative risk of breast cancer for highest vs. lowest category of processed red meat intake; (B) Relative risk of breast cancer for highest vs. lowest category of soy food intake; (C) Relative risk of breast cancer for highest vs. lowest category of skim milk intake; (D) Relative risk of breast cancer for highest vs. lowest category of yogurt intake. Overall, relative risk calculated with a random effects model. As shown in the figure, processed red meat (A) is related to an increased risk of breast cancer, whereas soy food (B), skim milk (C), and yogurt (D) are related to decreased breast cancer risk.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 78 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 124

Related

Metadata

Authors
Wu, J., Zeng, R., Huang, J., Li, X., Zhang, J., Ho, J., & Zheng, Y.
Affiliations
  • Zhujiang Hospital (CN)
  • Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
Corresponding author
Zheng, Yanfang
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2016-11-17
Volume
8
Issue
11
Pages
730
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu8110730
PMC
PMC5133114
OpenAlex
W2552454134
Cited by
124
References
78
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 3
FWCI
1.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81202073)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2015A030313273)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Keywords
breast cancer risk, dietary protein source, red meat, processed meat, soy products, skim milk, yogurt, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts, whole milk, dose-response relationship
MeSH terms
Red Meat, Diet, Healthy, Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Meat Products, Milk Proteins, Poultry, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Plant Proteins, Dietary, Egg Proteins, Dietary, Incidence, Odds Ratio, Risk Assessment, Soybean Proteins, Risk Reduction Behavior, Recommended Dietary Allowances, Protective Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review