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Cited by 174Mesenchymal stem cell researchPeriodontal Regeneration and TreatmentsHematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Their Paracrine Activity—Immunomodulation Mechanisms and How to Influence the Therapeutic Potential

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Alvites, Rui, Branquinho, Mariana, Sousa, Ana C., Lopes, Bruna, Sousa, Patrícia, Maurício, Ana Colette·2022·Pharmaceutics
DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020381PMC PMC8875256
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Abstract

With high clinical interest to be applied in regenerative medicine, Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells have been widely studied due to their multipotency, wide distribution, and relative ease of isolation and expansion in vitro. Their remarkable biological characteristics and high immunomodulatory influence have opened doors to the application of MSCs in many clinical settings. The therapeutic influence of these cells and the interaction with the immune system seems to occur both directly and through a paracrine route, with the production and secretion of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. The complex mechanisms through which this influence takes place is not fully understood, but several functional manipulation techniques, such as cell engineering, priming, and preconditioning, have been developed. In this review, the knowledge about the immunoregulatory and immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs and their secretion products is revisited, with a special focus on the phenomena of migration and homing, direct cell action and paracrine activity. The techniques for homing improvement, cell modulation and conditioning prior to the application of paracrine factors were also explored. Finally, multiple assays where different approaches were applied with varying success were used as examples to justify their exploration.

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Authors
Alvites, R., Branquinho, M., Sousa, A. C., Lopes, B., Sousa, P., & Maurício, A. C.
Affiliations
Universidade do Porto (PT)
Corresponding author
Maurício, Ana Colette
ORCID
Venue
Pharmaceutics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-02-09
Volume
14
Issue
2
Pages
381
ISSN
1999-4923 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/pharmaceutics14020381
PMC
PMC8875256
OpenAlex
W4211036898
Cited by
174
References
167
Citations by year
2026: 37 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 16
FWCI
5.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Pharmaceutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/146172/2019, SFRH/BD/146689/2019, 2021.05265.BD, PEst-OE/AGR/UI0211/2011)
  • Agencia de Inovacao (POCI-01-0247-FEDER-017771, POCI-01-0247-FEDER-033877, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031146)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Mesenchymal stem cell research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Keywords
mesenchymal stem cells, stromal cells, immunomodulation, paracrine activity, extracellular vesicles, soluble factors, cell migration, cell homing, cell engineering, cell preconditioning, cell priming, regenerative medicine

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