A Comparison of Parametric and Non-Parametric Methods Applied to a Likert Scale
Open accessAbstract
A trenchant and passionate dispute over the use of parametric versus non-parametric methods for the analysis of Likert scale ordinal data has raged for the past eight decades. The answer is not a simple “yes” or “no” but is related to hypotheses, objectives, risks, and paradigms. In this paper, we took a pragmatic approach. We applied both types of methods to the analysis of actual Likert data on responses from different professional subgroups of European pharmacists regarding competencies for practice. Results obtained show that with “large” (>15) numbers of responses and similar (but clearly not normal) distributions from different subgroups, parametric and non-parametric analyses give in almost all cases the same significant or non-significant results for inter-subgroup comparisons. Parametric methods were more discriminant in the cases of non-similar conclusions. Considering that the largest differences in opinions occurred in the upper part of the 4-point Likert scale (ranks 3 “very important” and 4 “essential”), a “score analysis” based on this part of the data was undertaken. This transformation of the ordinal Likert data into binary scores produced a graphical representation that was visually easier to understand as differences were accentuated. In conclusion, in this case of Likert ordinal data with high response rates, restraining the analysis to non-parametric methods leads to a loss of information. The addition of parametric methods, graphical analysis, analysis of subsets, and transformation of data leads to more in-depth analyses.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148 · see citing works
(1932) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,568 · see citing works
Likert scales, levels of measurement, and the “laws” of statistics
Norman, G. (2010) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-010-9222-y · Cited by 4,850 · see citing works
On the Theory of Scales of Measurement
Stevens, S. S. (1946) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.103.2684.677 · Cited by 4,761 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Non-parametric methods are applied to ordinal data, such as Likert scale data [1] involving the determination of “larger” or “smaller,” i.e., the ranking of data [2].”
MethodLikert scales: how to (ab)use them
Jamieson, S. (2004) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.02012.x · Cited by 2,423 · see citing works
Glass, G. V., Peckham, P. D., & Sanders, J. R. (1972) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543042003237 · Cited by 1,826 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[16] concluded that “the flight to non‐ parametrics was unnecessary principally because researchers asked ‘are normal theory ANOVA assumptions met?’ instead of ‘how important are the inevitable violations of normal theory ANOVA assumptions?’” In this paper, we have attempted to follow the same pragmatic approach.”
BackgroundNON-NORMALITY AND TESTS ON VARIANCES
BOX, G. E. P. (1953) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/40.3-4.318 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Carifio, J., & Perla, R. J. (2007) · Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.3844/jssp.2007.106.116 · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
Experimental design and analysis and their reporting: new guidance for publication in BJP
Curtis, M. J., Bond, R. A., Spina, D., Ahluwalia, A., Alexander, S. P. H., Giembycz, M. A., Gilchrist, A., Hoyer, D., Insel, P. A., Izzo, A. A., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12856 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
The effects of violations of assumptions underlying the t test.
Boneau, C. A. (1960) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0041412 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Feinstein, A. R. (1977) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1977224485 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Treating ordinal scales as interval scales: an attempt to resolve the controversy.
Knapp, T. R. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Treating Ordinal Scales as Interval Scales: An Attempt To Resolve the Controversy
KNAPP, T. R. (1990) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-199003000-00019 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
The Seven Deadly Sins of Statistical Analysis
Kuzon, W. M., Urbanchek, M. G., & Mccabe, S. J. (1996) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000637-199609000-00006 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Re: The Seven Deadly Sins of Statistical Analysis
Kuzon, W. M., Urbanchek, M. G., & Mccabe, S. J. (1997) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000637-199701000-00026 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Gardner, P. L. (1975) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543045001043 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Gaito, J. M. (1959) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1959.5.g.115 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
März, R., Dekker, F. W., Schravendijk, C. V., Flynn, S. O., & Ross, M. (2013) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-013-0066-z · Cited by 41 · see citing works
XII. On exorcising the ghost of Gauss and the curse of Kelvin
Feinstein, A. R. (1971) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt19711261003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Atkinson, J., Paépe, K. D., Sánchez–Pozo, A., Rekkas, D. M., Volmer, D., Hirvonen, J. J., Božič, B., Skowron, A., Mircioiu, C., Marcincal, A., et al. (2015) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy3040307 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 22 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kusmaryono, I., Wijayanti, D., & Maharani, H. R. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi:10.12973/ijem.8.4.625 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Kernecker, M. L., Knierim, A., Wurbs, A., Kraus, T., & Borges, F. (2019) · Precision Agriculture · doi:10.1007/s11119-019-09651-z · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Barrett, A. J., Pack, A., & Quaid, E. D. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104214 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Dey, D., Habibovic, A., Pfleging, B., Martens, M., & Terken, J. M. B. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376325 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Madinei, S., Alemi, M. M., Kim, S., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2020) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103156 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Methodological and Statistical Considerations for Cross-Sectional, Case–Control, and Cohort Studies
Pérez-Guerrero, E. E., Guillén-Medina, M. R., Márquez‐Sandoval, F., Vera-Cruz, J. M., Gallegos‐Arreola, M. P., Rico-Méndez, M. A., Aguilar‐Velázquez, J. A., & Gutiérrez-Hurtado, I. A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13144005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Hassan, A. S., & Jaaron, A. A. M. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127366 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Kim, S., Madinei, S., Alemi, M. M., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2020) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103194 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Teledentistry awareness among dental professionals in Saudi Arabia
Al‐Khalifa, K. S., & AlSheikh, R. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240825 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Devine, S. L., Walker, S. C., Makdani, A. D., Stockton, E. R., McFarquhar, M., McGlone, F. P., & Trotter, P. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.557171 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Li, M., Huang, C., Han, Z., Hwang, G., & Yang, G. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13247 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Garrett, J. K., White, M. P., Elliott, L. R., Grellier, J., Bell, S., Bratman, G. N., Economou, T., Gascón, M., Lõhmus, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28544-w · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Kaur, M., & Saini, M. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11168-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Impact of urban morphology on Urban Heat Island in Manchester's transit-oriented development
Elmarakby, E., & Elkadi, H. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140009 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
König, L., Kuhlmey, A., & Suhr, R. (2024) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/48685 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Lin, H., Hwang, G., Chou, K., & Tsai, C. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13268 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sadavoy, J., Sajedinejad, S., & Chiu, M. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5481 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hind, K., Konerth, N., Entwistle, I. R., Hume, P. A., Theadom, A., Lewis, G. N., King, D. A., Goodbourn, T., Bottiglieri, M., Ferraces-Riegas, P., et al. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01594-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fuesting, M. A., Diekman, A. B., & Hudiburgh, L. M. (2017) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-017-9398-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gonzalez, J. N., Garrido, L., & Vassallo, J. M. (2023) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2023.101005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Badovinac, A., Par, M., Plančak, L., Balić, M. D., Vražić, D., Božić, D., & Musić, L. (2021) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj9100116 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Docksey, A. E., Gray, N. S., Davies, H. B., Simkiss, N. J., & Snowden, R. J. (2022) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.52965/001c.35630 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Leporini, B., Rossetti, V., Furfari, F., Pelagatti, S., & Quarta, A. (2020) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3399679 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Considerations for Reporting and Reviewing Studies Including Health-Related Quality of Life
Lapin, B. R. (2020) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Digital humanitarians for the Sustainable Development Goals: YouthMappers as a hybrid movement
Solís, P., Rajagopalan, S., Villa, L. K., Mohiuddin, M. B., Boateng, E. N. K., Nakacwa, S., & Peña-Valencia, M. F. (2020) · Journal of Geography in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03098265.2020.1849067 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Use of Ketamine or Xylazine to Provide Balanced Anesthesia with Isoflurane in C57BL/6J Mice
David, E. M., Pacharinsak, C., Jampachaisri, K., Hagan, L., & Marx, J. O. (2022) · Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science · doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000125 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hold me or stroke me? Individual differences in static and dynamic affective touch
Ali, S. H., Makdani, A. D., Cordero, M. I., Paltoglou, A. E., Marshall, A. G., McFarquhar, M., McGlone, F. P., Walker, S. C., & Trotter, P. D. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281253 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Risk perception of local stakeholders on natural hazards: implications for theory and practice
Mărgărint, M. C., Niculiță, M., Roder, G., & Tarolli, P. (2021) · Natural hazards and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/nhess-21-3251-2021 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Fribourg, R., Peillard, É., & McDonnell, R. (2021) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, ISMAR · doi:10.1109/ismar52148.2021.00064 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wolyec, S. T., Tshilumba, C. K., Batina‐Agasa, S., Djang'Eing'A, R. M., Hayette, M., & Bélec, L. (2020) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05554-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wolyec, S. T., Sarassoro, A., Masidi, J. M., Banza, E. T., Dikumbwa, G. N., Matondo, D. M. M., Kilundu, A., Lukusa, L. F. K., Batina‐Agasa, S., & Bélec, L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239607 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The impact on employees of providing informal caregiving for someone with dementia
Sadavoy, J., Sajedinejad, S., Duxbury, L. E., & Chiu, M. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1871878 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Virtual Animals as Diegetic Attention Guidance Mechanisms in 360-Degree Experiences
Norouzi, N., Bruder, G., Erickson, A., Kim, K., Bailenson, J. N., Wiśniewski, P., Hughes, C. E., & Welch, G. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3106490 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Jalilvand, I., Jang, J., Gopaluni, R. B., & Milani, A. S. (2023) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.11.007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Megahed, A., Aldridge, B. M., & Lowe, J. F. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217428 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Pinto, C. M. A., Mendonça, J., Babo, L., Silva, F. J. G., & Fernandes, J. L. R. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031929 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Awareness regarding Teledentistry among Dental Professionals in Malaysia
Khokhar, R. A., Ismail, W. A., Sunny, A., Shaikh, G. M., Ghous, S., Ansari, M., Zia, S. H., Arshad, S., & Alam, M. K. (2022) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/3750556 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Urinary incontinence in men with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy
Morse, C. I., Higham, K., Bostock, E. L., & Jacques, M. F. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233527 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Vicarious ratings of social touch the effect of age and autistic traits
Haggarty, C. J., Moore, D., Trotter, P. D., Hagan, R., McGlone, F. P., & Walker, S. C. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98802-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dymecka, J., Gerymski, R., Татаруч, Р., & Bidzan, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11061716 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
IE-Vnet: Deep Learning-Based Segmentation of the Inner Ear's Total Fluid Space
Ahmadi, S., Frei, J., Vivar, G., Dieterich, M., & Kirsch, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.663200 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mikołajczak, P. (2019) · Oeconomia Copernicana · doi:10.24136/oc.2019.026 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Makrygianni, D., Koufaki, M.-I., Patrinos, G. P., & Vasileiou, K. (2023) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-023-00474-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pino‐Pasternak, D., & Volet, S. (2018) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2018.1486521 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Comparing viewpoints of top management, consultants and employees about Lean Six Sigma
Yadav, N., & Owad, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/jmtm-12-2021-0497 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Manyaapelo, T., van den Borne, B. H. P., Ruiter, R. A. C., Sifunda, S., & Reddy, P. S. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16111938 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Psychometric validity of the Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale for Youths (MADRS-Y)
Vestin, M., Åsberg, M., Wiberg, M., Henje, E., & Dennhag, I. (2022) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2022.2135761 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Behavioral Effects of a Delivery Drone on Feelings of Uncertainty: A Virtual Reality Experiment
Lingam, S. N., Petermeijer, S. M., Torre, I., Bazilinskyy, P., Ljungblad, S., & Martens, M. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3729538 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ismailov, R. M., & Khasanova, Z. D. (2018) · BioDrugs · doi:10.1007/s40259-018-0301-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Joseph, N., Sangster, J. L., Topping, M., Bartelt‐Hunt, S. L., & Kolok, A. S. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158081 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cardozo, L. A., Peña, J. C., Florez-Escobar, W., Castillo-Daza, C. A., Bonilla, D. A., & Reina-Monroy, J. L. (2023) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v48.95076 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Vandever, M. W., Carter, S. K., Assal, T. J., Elgersma, K. J., Wen, A., Welty, J. L., Arkle, R. S., & Iovanna, R. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac06f8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Explicit and Implicit Hopelessness and Self‐injury
Gray, N. S., Knowles, J. R. P., George, D., Harvey, A., Powell, R., Zadeh, M. V., Wansing, C., & Snowden, R. J. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12743 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Learning and innovation in youth-owned small businesses
Adeosun, O. T., & Shittu, A. I. (2021) · Rajagiri Management Journal · doi:10.1108/ramj-09-2020-0051 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Anderson, A. G., Messer, I., & Langellotto, G. (2021) · HortTechnology · doi:10.21273/horttech04770-20 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hattoh, K. A., Sienso, B. A., & Kuugbee, E. D. (2022) · Venereology · doi:10.3390/venereology2010001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cramer, R. J., Robertson, R. A., Nobles, M. R., Bowling, J., Cacace, S. C., Feinstein, B. A., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2023.2220400 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tomić, U., Sütterlin, B., Lobsiger-Kägi, E., Marek, R., Derungs, C., & Sandmeier, E. P. (2024) · Energy Efficiency · doi:10.1007/s12053-024-10199-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chan, C. Y. W., Chong, J. S. L., Lee, S. Y., Ch’ng, P. Y., Chung, W. H., Chiu, C. K., Hasan, M. S., & Kwan, M. K. (2020) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000003641 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Choi, H. J., & Park, J.-H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141912121 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Blakeney, E. A., Kang, S., Henrikson, K. M., Liu, J. T. C., Seibel, E. J., Sprecher, J., Summerside, N., Vogel, M. T., Zierler, B. K., & Posner, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2021.788 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Caron, R. L. D., Coquart, J. B., & Gilliaux, M. (2021) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155211018429 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Beck, A. K., Larance, B., Manning, V., Hides, L. M., Baker, A., Deane, F. P., Shakeshaft, A. P., Raftery, D., & Kelly, P. J. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13544 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Timm, S., Dearborn, L. M., & Pomeroy, J. (2018) · Technology|Architecture + Design · doi:10.1080/24751448.2018.1497377 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Voicu, V. A., Mircioiu, C., Plesa, C., Jinga, M., Balaban, D. V., Sandulovici, R. C., Costache, A. M., Anuța, V., & Mircioiu, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00607 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, L., Wang, K., Lai, J., & Zhang, D. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2023.3236328 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Impact of a surfer rescue training program in Australia and New Zealand: a mixed methods evaluation
Koon, W. A., Peden, A. E., & Brander, R. W. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17057-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
LenSelect: Object Selection in Virtual Environments by Dynamic Object Scaling
Weller, R., Wegele, W., Schröder, C., & Zachmann, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.684677 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gavião, L. O., Sant’Anna, A. P., Lima, G. B. A., & Garcia, P. A. D. A. (2023) · Standards · doi:10.3390/standards3030020 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Scale matters: unravelling the impact of Likert scales on political self-placement
Aybar, C., Pérez, V., & Pavía, J. M. (2024) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-023-01825-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Environment scan of generative AI infrastructure for clinical and translational science
Idnay, B., Xu, Z., Adams, W. G., Adibuzzaman, M., Anderson, N. R., Bahroos, N., Bell, D. S., Bumgardner, C., Campion, T. R., Castro, M., et al. (2025) · npj Health Systems · doi:10.1038/s44401-024-00009-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Trade-offs in Augmented Reality User Interfaces for Controlling a Smart Environment
Flick, C., Harris, C. J., Yonkers, N. T., Norouzi, N., Erickson, A., Choudhary, Z. D., Gottsacker, M., Bruder, G., & Welch, G. (2021) · Symposium on Spatial User Interaction · doi:10.1145/3485279.3485288 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
O’Herrin, K., Hauer, R. J., Pike, K., & Vogt, J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14052753 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Inducing Emotional Stress From The Intensive Care Context Using Storytelling In VR
Weis, S., Busse, S., & Heuten, W. (2022) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr51125.2022.00038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Video Call Usage in Older Adults With or Without Dementia Impacted by the COVID-19 Pandemic
Yoon, S. O., & Paek, E. J. (2023) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/15333175231160679 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The agroecological challenges in the wine sector: perceptions from European stakeholders
Beber, C. L., Lecomte, L., Rodrigo, I., Canali, M., Pinto, A. S., Pomarici, E., Giraud-Heraud, E. E., Pérès, S., & Malorgio, G. (2023) · Wine Economics and Policy · doi:10.36253/wep-15244 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hengen, J., Hammarström, I. L., & Stenfelt, S. P. Y. (2020) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/2331216520932467 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Socio-economic and environmental impacts of land acquisition for tourism development in Vietnam
Duong, M. T. T., Samsura, D. A. A., & van der Krabben, E. (2023) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2023.2283923 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yi, C., Huhn, A. S., Hobelmann, J. G., Finnerty, J., Solounias, B. L., & Dunn, K. E. (2021) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000927 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Measuring distress in older population: Rasch analysis of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale
Calkin, C. J., Numbers, K. T., Brodaty, H., Sachdev, P. S., & Medvedev, O. N. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.116 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nielsen, L. D., Castano, F. M., Jørgensen, R. B., Ramachandran, A., Klakk, H., & Noe, B. B. (2023) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2023.106082 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Viana-Rúa, N. E., Pino, A. A., Maldonado, J. J. C., & Patiño, J. (2021) · Revista CINTEX · doi:10.33131/24222208.403 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
It’s Not Warm But That’s Okay: About Robots That Avoid Human Stereotypes
Jung, F., Müller, H., & Boll, S. (2022) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3546155.3546695 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Problematic Pornography Use and Psychological Distress in the USA: A Nationally Representative Study
Engelhardt, R., Maes, J., Grubbs, J. B., Trommer, D., & Kraus, S. W. (2026) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-025-03266-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pearl, S., & Meisel, N. A. (2023) · Journal of Mechanical Design · doi:10.1115/1.4063564 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sarandi, E., Krasagakis, S. K., Tsoukalas, D., Rudofsky, G., & Tsatsakis, A. M. (2021) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.3390/pathophysiology28020019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reyes‐Acuca, M. J., Sánchez‐Lezama, Z. S., Capistrán‐Sarmiento, B., Teodoro‐Isneros, A., Suárez-Franco, J. L., & Cerda-Cristerna, B. I. (2020) · European Journal Of Dental Education · doi:10.1111/eje.12527 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhechev, V., & Sekulova, D. (2023) · Central European Business Review · doi:10.18267/j.cebr.343 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Conlon, C., & Zupan, B. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Practice in Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/22000259.2024.2316925 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Knowledge Sharing: Key to Sustainable Building Construction Implementation
Emere, C. E., Aigbavboa, C. O., & Oguntona, O. A. (2025) · Eng—Advances in Engineering · doi:10.3390/eng6080190 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
de Alcântara, N. E., Filho, E. R. T., Pimentel, T. C., Pagani, M. M., Mársico, E. T., da Cruz, A. G., & Esmerino, E. A. (2024) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12935 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Therapeutic climbing in inpatient rehabilitation
Michelsen, F., Jenuwein, S., Luttenberger, K., & Calvano, C. (2024) · Sports Psychiatry · doi:10.1024/2674-0052/a000093 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Janssens, R., Corten, M., Lybaert, N., Schepers, J., & Michiels, A. (2024) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-024-01063-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alkhathami, A. A., Duraihim, A. T., Almansour, F. F., Alotay, G. A., Alnowaiser, H. S., Aboul-Enein, B. H., Chavarria, E. A., & Benajiba, N. (2021) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2021.1902885 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bbosa, F. F., Nabukenya, J., Nabende, P., & Wesonga, R. (2021) · Health and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12553-021-00551-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effects of Virtual Teaching on Swedish Teachers’ Voices During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Evitts, P. M., Allebeck, M., & Åberg, O. E. (2022) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.12.022 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tarciuc, P., Duduciuc, A. C., Chirila, S. I., Herdea, V., Roşu, O., Varga, A., Ioniuc, I. K., & Diaconescu, S. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59122093 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Voicu, V. A., Mircioiu, I., Sandulovici, R. C., Mircioiu, C., Pleşa, C., Velescu, B. Ș., & Anuța, V. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00758 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationHeriyati, P., Yadav, N., & Tamara, D. (2024) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3752 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tian, H., Zhou, W., & Qiu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1006289 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mircioiu, C., & Atkinson, J.
- Affiliations
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy (RO)
- Pharmacolor Consultants Nancy, 12 rue de Versigny, Villers 54600, France
- Corresponding author
- Atkinson, Jeffrey
- ORCID
- Atkinson, Jeffrey
- Venue
- Pharmacy
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-05-10
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 26
- ISSN
- 2226-4787 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5597151
- OpenAlex
- W2612879771
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 10.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pharmacy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- Likert scale, ordinal data, pharmacists, professional competence, score analysis, subgroup comparison, data transformation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
