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Potential of Essential Oils from Anise, Dill and Fennel Seeds for the Gypsy Moth Control

Kostić, Igor, Lazarević, Jelica, Šešlija Jovanović, Darka, Kostić, Miroslav, Marković, Tatjana, Milanović, Slobodan·2021·Plants

Abstract

The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)) is a serious pest of hardwood forests. In the search for an environmentally safe means of its control, we assessed the impact of different concentrations of essential oils (EOs) from the seeds of three Apiaceae plants (anise Pimpinella anisum, dill Anethum graveolens, and fennel Foeniculum vulgare) on behavior, mortality, molting and nutritional physiology of gypsy moth larvae (GML). EOs efficacy was compared with commercial insecticide NeemAzal®-T/S (neem). The main compounds in the Eos were trans-anethole in anise; carvone, limonene, and α-phellandrene in dill; and trans-anethole and fenchone in fennel seed. At 1% EOs concentration, anise and fennel were better antifeedants and all three EOs were more toxic than neem. Neem was superior in delaying 2nd to 3rd larval molting. In the 4th instar, 0.5%, anise and fennel EOs decreased relative consumption rate more than neem, whereas all three EOs were more effective in reducing growth rate, approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of food into body mass leading to higher metabolic costs to GML. Decrease in consumption and metabolic parameters compared to control GML confirmed that adverse effects of the EOs stem from both pre- and post-ingestive mechanisms. The results indicate the potential of three EOs to be used for gypsy moth control.

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Figure 1 Absolute (A), relative (B) and total (C) deterrence coefficient (mean ± SE) in the 2nd instar GML. F-values were obtained from two-way ANOVA testing significance of the main (botanical type−Bot and concentration−Conc) and interaction (Bot × Conc) effects on analyzed traits (** p ˂ 0.01, *** p ˂ 0.001). Different colored letters mark significant differences among EOs and neem within each concentration (capital letters A, B, C), and among concentrations within each EO and neem (small letters a, b, c) (LSM contrasts, p ˂ 0.05).
Figure 1 Absolute (A), relative (B) and total (C) deterrence coefficient (mean ± SE) in the 2nd instar GML. F-values were obtained from two-way ANOVA testing significance of the main (botanical type−Bot and concentration−Conc) and interaction (Bot × Conc) effects on analyzed traits (** p ˂ 0.01, *** p ˂ 0.001). Different colored letters mark significant differences among EOs and neem within each concentration (capital letters A, B, C), and among concentrations within each EO and neem (small letters a, b, c) (LSM contrasts, p ˂ 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Digestive toxicity in the 2nd instar GML (A) and the 2nd to 3rd molting reduction (B) (mean ± SE) after 120 h (24 h exposure to EOs or neem supplemented diet followed by 96 h feeding on untreated diet). GML were exposed to different EOs and neem concentrations. F-values were obtained from two-way ANOVA testing significance of the main (botanical type—Bot and concentration—Conc) and interaction (Bot × Conc) effects on analyzed traits (*** p ˂ 0.001). Different colored letters mark significant differences among EOs and neem within each concentration (capital letters A, B, C), and among concentrations within each EO and neem (small letters a, b, c, d) (LSM contrasts, p ˂ 0.05). There was no mortality in GML fed on untreated diet for 120 h.
Figure 2 Digestive toxicity in the 2nd instar GML (A) and the 2nd to 3rd molting reduction (B) (mean ± SE) after 120 h (24 h exposure to EOs or neem supplemented diet followed by 96 h feeding on untreated diet). GML were exposed to different EOs and neem concentrations. F-values were obtained from two-way ANOVA testing significance of the main (botanical type—Bot and concentration—Conc) and interaction (Bot × Conc) effects on analyzed traits (*** p ˂ 0.001). Different colored letters mark significant differences among EOs and neem within each concentration (capital letters A, B, C), and among concentrations within each EO and neem (small letters a, b, c, d) (LSM contrasts, p ˂ 0.05). There was no mortality in GML fed on untreated diet for 120 h.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Mass gain (A) and amounts of consumed (B), assimilated (C) and metabolized food (D) (mean ± SE) in the 4th instar GML depending on the botanical type (Bot) (anise, dill and fennel EOs, commercial neem-based insecticide) and concentration (Conc). F−values indicate significance of the effects of Bot, Conc and interaction terms in two-way ANOVA (* p ˂ 0.05, *** p ˂ 0.001). Significant differences among specific experimental groups are presented by different capital colored letters A, B (EO and neem comparisons within each concentration) and small letters a, b (comparisons among concentrations within each EO and neem) (LSM contrasts, p ˂ 0.05).
Figure 3 Mass gain (A) and amounts of consumed (B), assimilated (C) and metabolized food (D) (mean ± SE) in the 4th instar GML depending on the botanical type (Bot) (anise, dill and fennel EOs, commercial neem-based insecticide) and concentration (Conc). F−values indicate significance of the effects of Bot, Conc and interaction terms in two-way ANOVA (* p ˂ 0.05, *** p ˂ 0.001). Significant differences among specific experimental groups are presented by different capital colored letters A, B (EO and neem comparisons within each concentration) and small letters a, b (comparisons among concentrations within each EO and neem) (LSM contrasts, p ˂ 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Nutritional indices (mean ± SE) in 4th instar gypsy moth larvae after 48 h of feeding on control and diet treated with EOs or neem. RGR−relative growth rate (A); RCR−relative consumption rate (B); RMR−relative metabolic rate (C); ECI−efficiency of conversion of ingested food (D); AD−approximate digestibility (E); ECD−efficiency of conversion of digested food (F); MC−metabolic cost (G). F−values obtained by nonparametric two-way ANOVA indicate significance of the main and interaction effects of botanical type (Bot) (anise, dill, and fennel EOs and commercial neem-based insecticide) and concentration (Conc) (* p ˂ 0.05, ** p ˂ 0.01, *** p ˂ 0.001). Significant differences among specific experimental groups are presented by different large colored letters A, B (EO and neem comparisons within each concentration) and small letters a, b (comparisons among concentrations within each EO and neem) (LSM contrasts, p ˂ 0.05).
Figure 4 Nutritional indices (mean ± SE) in 4th instar gypsy moth larvae after 48 h of feeding on control and diet treated with EOs or neem. RGR−relative growth rate (A); RCR−relative consumption rate (B); RMR−relative metabolic rate (C); ECI−efficiency of conversion of ingested food (D); AD−approximate digestibility (E); ECD−efficiency of conversion of digested food (F); MC−metabolic cost (G). F−values obtained by nonparametric two-way ANOVA indicate significance of the main and interaction effects of botanical type (Bot) (anise, dill, and fennel EOs and commercial neem-based insecticide) and concentration (Conc) (* p ˂ 0.05, ** p ˂ 0.01, *** p ˂ 0.001). Significant differences among specific experimental groups are presented by different large colored letters A, B (EO and neem comparisons within each concentration) and small letters a, b (comparisons among concentrations within each EO and neem) (LSM contrasts, p ˂ 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Kostić, I., Lazarević, J., Šešlija Jovanović, D., Kostić, M., Marković, T., & Milanović, S.
Venue
Plants
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-10-15
Volume
10
Issue
10
Pages
2194
ISSN
2223-7747
Cited by
30
References
2
Language
en
Funders
Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (451-03-9/2021-14/200007)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Potential of Essential Oils from Anise, Dill and Fennel Seeds for the Gypsy Moth Control. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/plants10102194
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Kostić, I., Lazarević, J., Šešlija Jovanović, D., Kostić, M., Marković, T., & Milanović, S. (2021). Potential of Essential Oils from Anise, Dill and Fennel Seeds for the Gypsy Moth Control. Plants. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102194

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