Azadirachtin, a scientific gold mine
Abstract
Azadirachtin is a highly interesting compound both for its chemical structure, which required 18 years to solve, and its synthesis, which required another 22 years, and for its biological properties as a feeding deterrent for many insects and a growth disruptant for most insects and many other arthropods. Its mode of action, structure-activity relationships, and its biosynthesis still require much research. A valuable natural pesticide, it has very low toxicity for vertebrates, and yet it has still not achieved a prominent place among pesticides and in many countries it is not yet licensed for use. An attempt is made to understand its failure to capture a larger market, 40 years after its discovery.
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The yields obtained were higher than those reported by Uebel et al. (as cited in Morgan, 2009), which were 0.015% by preparative chromatography and 0.035% by maceration.
“The yields obtained were higher than those reported by Uebel et al. (as cited in Morgan, 2009), which were 0.015 % (preparative chromatography) and 0.035 % (maceration), respectively.”
From Optimized microwave-assisted azadirachtin extraction using response surface methodology (2024) · cites this paper as Morgan, 2009
The yields of azadirachtin recorded for alternative isolation procedures can vary from less than 0.01% to 0.9% by weight of seeds.
“Moreover, these can vary from less than 0.01–0.9 % by weight of seeds [53].”
From Optimized microwave-assisted azadirachtin extraction using response surface methodology (2024) · cites this paper as [53]
Cites
Selection for resistance to azadirachtin in the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae
Feng, R., & Isman, M. B. (1995) · Experientia · doi:10.1007/bf01922438 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Ambrosino, P., Fresa, R., Fogliano, V., Monti, S. M., & Ritieni, A. (1999) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf9905368 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Shannag, H. K., Capinera, J. L., & Freihat, N. M. (2015) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1093/jisesa/iev134 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
de Paula, J. A. M., Brito, L. F., Caetano, K. L. F. N., de Morais Rodrigues, M. C., Borges, L. L., & da Conceição, E. C. (2016) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.005 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Optimized microwave-assisted azadirachtin extraction using response surface methodology
Martínez-Castro, R., Flórez-Santiago, J., Valle-Molinares, R., Cabrera-Barraza, J., & Espitia-Almeida, F. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31504 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Moreover, these can vary from less than 0.01 – 0.9 % by weight of seeds [53].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
- Authors
- Morgan, E. D.
- Affiliations
- Keele University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Morgan, E. David
- Venue
- Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4096-4105
- ISSN
- 0968-0896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2171641097
- Cited by
- 345
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 0.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Imperial College London
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical compounds biological activities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect Pheromone Research and Control
- Keywords
- azadirachtin, Azadirachta indica, insect growth regulators, insect feeding deterrents, structure-activity relationship, biosynthesis, total synthesis, mechanism of action, natural pesticides
- MeSH terms
- Insecticides, Meliaceae, Limonins
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