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The Roles of Gibberellins in Regulating Leaf Development

Ritonga, Faujiah Nurhasanah, Zhou, Dandan, Zhang, Yihui, Song, Runxian, Li, Cheng, Li, Jingjuan, Gao, Jianwei·2023·Plants
DOI 10.3390/plants12061243PMC PMC10051486
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Abstract

Plant growth and development are correlated with many aspects, including phytohormones, which have specific functions. However, the mechanism underlying the process has not been well elucidated. Gibberellins (GAs) play fundamental roles in almost every aspect of plant growth and development, including cell elongation, leaf expansion, leaf senescence, seed germination, and leafy head formation. The central genes involved in GA biosynthesis include GA20 oxidase genes (GA20oxs), GA3oxs, and GA2oxs, which correlate with bioactive GAs. The GA content and GA biosynthesis genes are affected by light, carbon availability, stresses, phytohormone crosstalk, and transcription factors (TFs) as well. However, GA is the main hormone associated with BR, ABA, SA, JA, cytokinin, and auxin, regulating a wide range of growth and developmental processes. DELLA proteins act as plant growth suppressors by inhibiting the elongation and proliferation of cells. GAs induce DELLA repressor protein degradation during the GA biosynthesis process to control several critical developmental processes by interacting with F-box, PIFS, ROS, SCLl3, and other proteins. Bioactive GA levels are inversely related to DELLA proteins, and a lack of DELLA function consequently activates GA responses. In this review, we summarized the diverse roles of GAs in plant development stages, with a focus on GA biosynthesis and signal transduction, to develop new insight and an understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant development.

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Figure 1 GA biosynthesis and endogenous bioactive GA levels in plants. Illustration of a schematic plant (right) and GA biosynthesis (left). The arrows are color-coded to correlate with GA forms shown in the biosynthetic pathway. Red arrows indicate the reduced level of GAs due to plant organ position, while black arrows indicate the increased level of GAs. In several plants, such as rice and watermelons, GA content is high at the base of the leaf or lower side [10,35]. In addition, several reports also found that bioactive GA content was reduced following the large length of the base to leaves [28]. In these cases, the exact level of GAs was not clear.
Figure 1 GA biosynthesis and endogenous bioactive GA levels in plants. Illustration of a schematic plant (right) and GA biosynthesis (left). The arrows are color-coded to correlate with GA forms shown in the biosynthetic pathway. Red arrows indicate the reduced level of GAs due to plant organ position, while black arrows indicate the increased level of GAs. In several plants, such as rice and watermelons, GA content is high at the base of the leaf or lower side [10,35]. In addition, several reports also found that bioactive GA content was reduced following the large length of the base to leaves [28]. In these cases, the exact level of GAs was not clear.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Interaction network analysis of all genes related to GA biosynthesis identified in A. thaliana using STRING. The interaction network had significantly more interactions than expected. A total of 34 A. thaliana proteins are involved in more interactions, indicating that the proteins are at least partially biologically connected as a group. The protein cluster color is related to the type of proteins. The yellow color relates to GA biosynthesis light regulation, the green color relates to DELLA proteins, the red color relates to GA biosynthesis proteins, and the blue color relates to phytohormones. The line color is related to the type of interaction. The green line shows the gene neighborhood, the pink line means experimentally determined, the red line means gene fusion, the black line means co-expression, the dark blue line means gene co-occurrence, and the blue line represents protein homology. (For more interpretations of the color codes in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this network analysis https://string-db.org/cgi/network?taskId=bYb8HEacei7t&sessionId=bUXWyy80zCr5 accessed on 2 March 2023).
Figure 2 Interaction network analysis of all genes related to GA biosynthesis identified in A. thaliana using STRING. The interaction network had significantly more interactions than expected. A total of 34 A. thaliana proteins are involved in more interactions, indicating that the proteins are at least partially biologically connected as a group. The protein cluster color is related to the type of proteins. The yellow color relates to GA biosynthesis light regulation, the green color relates to DELLA proteins, the red color relates to GA biosynthesis proteins, and the blue color relates to phytohormones. The line color is related to the type of interaction. The green line shows the gene neighborhood, the pink line means experimentally determined, the red line means gene fusion, the black line means co-expression, the dark blue line means gene co-occurrence, and the blue line represents protein homology. (For more interpretations of the color codes in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this network analysis https://string-db.org/cgi/network?taskId=bYb8HEacei7t&sessionId=bUXWyy80zCr5 accessed on 2 March 2023).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 GA biosynthesis mechanism and inactivation of GA signaling. GA signaling was influenced by DELLAs, GID1, and GAs. Light, TFs, biotic and abiotic stresses, and COP1/HY5 affected GA binding to ROS, F-box, PIFs, and SCL13 to degrade DELLAs. CRY1 repressed GA signaling by binding with DELLA proteins (GAI, RGA, RGL1, RGL2, and RGL3) and GID1 to inhibit the GID1–GAI interaction. The green boxes indicate other factors that affect GA biosynthesis, the blue and yellow boxes indicate other genes that affect or are affected by GAs, the brown circles relate to GAs activating and inactivating genes, and the red boxes indicate bioactive GAs.
Figure 3 GA biosynthesis mechanism and inactivation of GA signaling. GA signaling was influenced by DELLAs, GID1, and GAs. Light, TFs, biotic and abiotic stresses, and COP1/HY5 affected GA binding to ROS, F-box, PIFs, and SCL13 to degrade DELLAs. CRY1 repressed GA signaling by binding with DELLA proteins (GAI, RGA, RGL1, RGL2, and RGL3) and GID1 to inhibit the GID1–GAI interaction. The green boxes indicate other factors that affect GA biosynthesis, the blue and yellow boxes indicate other genes that affect or are affected by GAs, the brown circles relate to GAs activating and inactivating genes, and the red boxes indicate bioactive GAs.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Ritonga, F. N., Zhou, D., Zhang, Y., Song, R., Li, C., Li, J., & Gao, J.
Venue
Plants
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-03-09
Volume
12
Issue
6
Pages
1243
ISSN
2223-7747
DOI
10.3390/plants12061243
PMC
PMC10051486
Cited by
122
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation, China (32172591, SDAIT-05, 202228058, CARS-23-G13, CXGC2022D01, CXGC2021B17, CXGC2022F20, CSBAA202207)
  • Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Funding of Shandong Province, China (32172591, SDAIT-05, 202228058, CARS-23-G13, CXGC2022D01, CXGC2021B17, CXGC2022F20, CSBAA202207)
  • Project of 20 New Items for Universities in Jinan, Shandong (32172591, SDAIT-05, 202228058, CARS-23-G13, CXGC2022D01, CXGC2021B17, CXGC2022F20, CSBAA202207)
  • China Agriculture Research System (32172591, SDAIT-05, 202228058, CARS-23-G13, CXGC2022D01, CXGC2021B17, CXGC2022F20, CSBAA202207)
  • Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of SAAS (32172591, SDAIT-05, 202228058, CARS-23-G13, CXGC2022D01, CXGC2021B17, CXGC2022F20, CSBAA202207)
  • Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, NWAFU, Yangling, Shaanxi, China (32172591, SDAIT-05, 202228058, CARS-23-G13, CXGC2022D01, CXGC2021B17, CXGC2022F20, CSBAA202207)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Roles of Gibberellins in Regulating Leaf Development. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/plants12061243
The paper
Ritonga, F. N., Zhou, D., Zhang, Y., Song, R., Li, C., Li, J., & Gao, J. (2023). The Roles of Gibberellins in Regulating Leaf Development. Plants. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061243