Effect of Cellulose and Cellulose Nanocrystal Contents on the Biodegradation, under Composting Conditions, of Hierarchical PLA Biocomposites
Open accessAbstract
In this work, the effect of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on the biodegradation, under composting conditions, of hierarchical PLA biocomposites (HBCs) was studied using a full 22 factorial experimental design. The HBCs were prepared by extrusion processing and were composted for 180 days. At certain time intervals, the specimens were removed from the compost for their chemical, thermal and morphological characterizations. An ANOVA analysis was carried out at different composting times to study MFC and CNCs’ effects on biodegradation. The specimen’s mass loss and molecular weight loss were selected as independent variables. The results show that the presence of MFC enhances the PLA biodegradation, while with CNCs it decreases. However, when both cellulosic fibers are present, a synergistic effect was evident—i.e., in the presence of the MFC, the inclusion of the CNCs accelerates the HBCs biodegradation. Analysis of the ANOVA results confirms the relevance of the synergistic role between both cellulosic fibers over the HBC biodegradation under composting conditions. The results also suggest that during the first 90 days of incubation, the hydrolytic PLA degradation prevails, whereas, beyond that, the enzymatic microbial biodegradation dominates. The SEM results show MFC’s presence enhances the surface biodeterioration to a greater extent than the CNCs and that their simultaneous presence enhances PLA biodegradation. The SEM results also indicate that the biodegradation process begins from hydrophilic cellulosic fibers and promotes PLA biodegradation.
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The inclusion of micro-fibrillated cellulose improved water uptake.
“On the other hand, the inclusion of micro-fibrillated cellulose improved water uptake [85].”
From Nanocellulose-Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) and Poly(ε-caprolactone) Bio-Nanocomposites: A Review and Future Outlook for Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(ε-caprolactone) Blend Systems (2025) · cites this paper as [85]
The Results (§4.2, page unavailable) say that cellulose fibers give the PLA composite greater hydrophilic character, consistent with increased affinity for water. The paper does not report that adding microfibrillated cellulose improved water uptake; its measured weight loss (§4.6, page unavailable) is loss during composting, not a water-uptake measurement. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncorporation of CNCs alone into PLA decreases the degradation rate of the PLA/CNCs composite by 20% under composting conditions.
“Manzano et al. reported that the incorporation of CNCs alone into PLA decreases the degradation rate of the PLA/CNCs composite by 20%”
Incorporating CNCs with micro-fibrillated cellulose into PLA increased the biodegradation of the composite by 60% under composting conditions.
“but incorporating CNCs with micro-fibrillated cellulose into PLA increased the biodegradation of the composite by 60% under composting conditions.”
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- Authors
- Galera Manzano, L. M., Ruz Cruz, M. Á., Moo Tun, N. M., Valadez González, A., & Mina Hernandez, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 #. No 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
- Grupo Materiales Compuestos, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali 76001, Colombia
- Venue
- Polymers
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-06-02
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1855
- ISSN
- 2073-4360 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8199790
- OpenAlex
- W3168350480
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Polymers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- CONACYT, México (CB2013-220000)
- MinCiencias (project 63587 with contract 185-2019)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
- Keywords
- polylactic acid, cellulose nanocrystals, microfibrillated cellulose, composting, biodegradation, synergistic effect, hydrolytic degradation, enzymatic degradation, extruded composites, mass loss, molecular weight reduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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