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Cited by 54Enhanced Oil Recovery TechniquesDiffusion Coefficients in LiquidsPhase Equilibria and Thermodynamics

The Role of Diffusivity in Oil and Gas Industries: Fundamentals, Measurement, and Correlative Techniques

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Ratnakar, Ram R., Dindoruk, Birol·2022·Processes
DOI 10.3390/pr10061194
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Abstract

The existence of various native or nonnative species/fluids, along with having more than one phase in the subsurface and within the integrated production and injection systems, generates unique challenges as the pressure, temperature, composition and time (P-T-z and t) domains exhibit multi-scale characteristics. In such systems, fluid/component mixing, whether for natural reasons or man-made reasons, is one of the most complex aspects of the behavior of the system, as inherent compositions are partially or all due to these phenomena. Any time a gradient is introduced, these systems try to converge thermodynamically to an equilibrium state while being in the disequilibrium state at scale during the transitional process. These disequilibrium states create diffusive gradients, which, in the absence of flow, control the mixing processes leading to equilibrium at a certain time scale, which could also be a function of various time and length scales associated with the system. Therefore, it is crucial to understand these aspects, especially when technologies that need or utilize these concepts are under development. For example, as the technology of gas-injection-based enhanced oil recovery, CO2 sequestration and flooding have been developed, deployed and applied to several reservoirs/aquifers worldwide, performing research on mass-transfer mechanisms between gas, oil and aqueous phases became more important, especially in terms of optimal design considerations. It is well-known that in absence of direct frontal contact and convective mixing, diffusive mixing is one of most dominant mass-transfer mechanisms, which has an impact on the effectiveness of the oil recovery and gas injection processes. Therefore, in this work, we review the fundamentals of diffusive mixing processes in general terms and summarize the theoretical, experimental and empirical studies to estimate the diffusion coefficients at high pressure—temperature conditions at various time and length scales relevant to reservoir-fluid systems.

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  • The continuum and Knudsen contributions to gas conductivity can be treated as resistances in series and combined using the Bosanquet formula.

    “When both contributions are significant, it is found empirically that they can be treated as resistances in series and the combined effect is expressed using the Bosanquet formula [68,72] as follows:”

    From Effective thermal conductivity of insulation materials for cryogenic LH2 storage tanks: A review (2023) · cites this paper as [72]

    In “Diffusion of Gases in Porous Media” (Eq. 31; page unavailable), the paper combines reciprocal Knudsen and bulk diffusivities using the Bosanquet formula, analogous to resistances in series. It does not establish the claim for gas conductivity. It also limits that diffusivity formula to negligible viscous resistance and zero net molar flux. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ratnakar, R. R., & Dindoruk, B.
Affiliations
  • Shell (United States) (US)
  • University of Houston (US)
Corresponding author
  • Ratnakar, Ram R.
  • Dindoruk, Birol
ORCID
Venue
Processes
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-06-15
Volume
10
Issue
6
Pages
1194
ISSN
2227-9717 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/pr10061194
OpenAlex
W4283020134
Cited by
54
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 2
FWCI
5.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Processes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
Keywords
diffusion coefficient, diffusive mixing, mass transfer, enhanced oil recovery, CO2 sequestration, CO2 flooding, gas injection, reservoir fluids, multiphase systems, fluid mixing, equilibrium and disequilibrium

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