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Conductive Compartmented Capsules Encapsulating a Bitumen Rejuvenator

Tabaković, Amir, Mohan, Joseph, Karač, Aleksandar·2021·Processes
DOI 10.3390/pr9081361
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Abstract

This paper explores the potential use of conductive alginate capsules encapsulating a bitumen rejuvenator as a new extrinsic self-healing asphalt method. The capsules combine two existing self-healing asphalt technologies: (1) rejuvenator encapsulation and (2) induction heating to create a self-healing system that will provide rapid and effective asphalt pavement repair. The work presents a proof of concept for the encapsulation process, which involves embedding the capsules into the bitumen mortar mixture and the survival rate of the capsules in the asphalt mixture. A drip capsule production process was adopted and scaled up to the production of 20l wet capsules at rate of 0.22 l/min. To prove the effectiveness and its ability to survive asphalt production process, the capsules were prepared and subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and uniaxial compression Test (UCT). The test results demonstrated that the capsules had suitable thermal characteristics and mechanical strength to survive the asphalt mixing and compaction process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate physiological properties, such as rejuvenator (oil) and iron particle distribution, within the capsules. The electrical resistance tests proved that the capsules were capable of conducting electrical current. The capsules were also tested for their conductive properties in order to determine whether they are capable of conducting and distributing the heat once subjected to induction heating. The results showed that capsules containing higher amounts of iron (alginate/iron powder in a ratio of 20:80 by weight) can efficiently conduct and distribute heat. To prove its success as an asphalt healing system, conductive alginate capsules encapsulating a bitumen rejuvenator were embedded in a bitumen mortar mix. The samples where then subjected to local damaging and healing events, and the degree of healing was quantified. The research findings indicate that conductive alginate capsules encapsulating a bitumen rejuvenator present a promising new approach for the development of an extrinsic self-healing asphalt pavement systems.

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Figures

Image 1
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 2
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Bitumen ITS test specimen: ( a ) Struers FixiForm 30 mm diameter, ( b ) specimen prepared in the mould, ( c ) test specimen, and ( d ) ITS test set up. Figure 3. Bitumen ITS test specimen: ( a ) Struers FixiForm 30 mm diameter, ( b ) specimen prepared in the mould, ( c ) test specimen, and ( d ) ITS test set up.
Figure 3 Bitumen ITS test specimen: ( a ) Struers FixiForm 30 mm diameter, ( b ) specimen prepared in the mould, ( c ) test specimen, and ( d ) ITS test set up. Figure 3. Bitumen ITS test specimen: ( a ) Struers FixiForm 30 mm diameter, ( b ) specimen prepared in the mould, ( c ) test specimen, and ( d ) ITS test set up.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 4
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 5
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 6
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 7
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 Electrical resistivity apparatus set up: ( a ) ITT Matrix MX 545 digital mustimeter and ( positioning of current transferring pins and capsule. Figure 5. Electrical resistivity apparatus set up: ( a ) ITT Matrix MX 545 digital mustimeter and ( b ) positioning of current transferring pins and capsule.
Figure 5 Electrical resistivity apparatus set up: ( a ) ITT Matrix MX 545 digital mustimeter and ( positioning of current transferring pins and capsule. Figure 5. Electrical resistivity apparatus set up: ( a ) ITT Matrix MX 545 digital mustimeter and ( b ) positioning of current transferring pins and capsule.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 9
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 10
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Ambrell Ekoheat 10 kW Induction Machine. Figure 6. Ambrell Ekoheat 10 kW Induction Machine. Figure 6. Ambrell Ekoheat 10 kW Induction Machine.
Figure 6 Ambrell Ekoheat 10 kW Induction Machine. Figure 6. Ambrell Ekoheat 10 kW Induction Machine. Figure 6. Ambrell Ekoheat 10 kW Induction Machine.CC-BY · From the PDF
Alginate solution containing varying iron (Fe) powder content viscosities. Figure 7. Alginate solution containing varying iron (Fe) powder content viscosities.
Alginate solution containing varying iron (Fe) powder content viscosities. Figure 7. Alginate solution containing varying iron (Fe) powder content viscosities.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 Capsule size distribution. Figure 8. Capsule size distribution.
Figure 8 Capsule size distribution. Figure 8. Capsule size distribution.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 14
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 10 SEM capsule images: ( a ) Alg 70:Fe30; ( b ) Alg 50:Fe 50; ( c ) Alg 30:Fe 70; ( d ) Alg 20:Fe 80. Figure 10. SEM capsule images: ( a ) Alg 70:Fe30; ( b ) Alg 50:Fe 50; ( c ) Alg 30:Fe 70; ( d ) Alg 20:Fe 80.
Figure 10 SEM capsule images: ( a ) Alg 70:Fe30; ( b ) Alg 50:Fe 50; ( c ) Alg 30:Fe 70; ( d ) Alg 20:Fe 80. Figure 10. SEM capsule images: ( a ) Alg 70:Fe30; ( b ) Alg 50:Fe 50; ( c ) Alg 30:Fe 70; ( d ) Alg 20:Fe 80.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 16
CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 17
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Image 18
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 14 Capsule resistance. Figure 14. Capsule resistance. Figure 14. Capsule resistance.
Figure 14 Capsule resistance. Figure 14. Capsule resistance. Figure 14. Capsule resistance.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 15 Conductive alginate capsule encapsulating rejuvenator oil thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test results, ( a ) ramp temperature load, ( b ) ramp temperature load, up to 160 ° C and held for 1 h. Figure 15. Conductive alginate capsule encapsulating rejuvenator oil thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test results, ( a ) ramp temperature load, ( b ) ramp temperature load, up to 160 ◦ C and held for 1 h.
Figure 15 Conductive alginate capsule encapsulating rejuvenator oil thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test results, ( a ) ramp temperature load, ( b ) ramp temperature load, up to 160 ° C and held for 1 h. Figure 15. Conductive alginate capsule encapsulating rejuvenator oil thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test results, ( a ) ramp temperature load, ( b ) ramp temperature load, up to 160 ◦ C and held for 1 h.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 16 Thermal effect on the capsule Contact Pressure (Pc). Figure 16. Thermal effect on the capsule Contact Pressure (Pc).
Figure 16 Thermal effect on the capsule Contact Pressure (Pc). Figure 16. Thermal effect on the capsule Contact Pressure (Pc).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 17 Thermal effect on the capsule for normal stress at middle of the capsule ( σ n ). Figure 17. Thermal effect on the capsule for normal stress at middle of the capsule ( s n ).
Figure 17 Thermal effect on the capsule for normal stress at middle of the capsule ( σ n ). Figure 17. Thermal effect on the capsule for normal stress at middle of the capsule ( s n ).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 18 Thermal effect on the capsule for radial stress at middle of the capsule ( Figure 18. Thermal effect on the capsule for radial stress at middle of the capsule ( σ r ).
Figure 18 Thermal effect on the capsule for radial stress at middle of the capsule ( Figure 18. Thermal effect on the capsule for radial stress at middle of the capsule ( σ r ).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 19 Effect of water, salt, and humidity on capsule compressive strength. Figure 19. Effect of water, salt, and humidity on capsule compressive strength.
Figure 19 Effect of water, salt, and humidity on capsule compressive strength. Figure 19. Effect of water, salt, and humidity on capsule compressive strength.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 20 Inductive heating (temperature rise vs. time) of Alg 20:Fe 80 capsules. Figure 20. Inductive heating (temperature rise vs. time) of Alg 20:Fe 80 capsules. Figure 20. Inductive heating (temperature rise vs. time) of Alg 20:Fe 80 capsules.
Figure 20 Inductive heating (temperature rise vs. time) of Alg 20:Fe 80 capsules. Figure 20. Inductive heating (temperature rise vs. time) of Alg 20:Fe 80 capsules. Figure 20. Inductive heating (temperature rise vs. time) of Alg 20:Fe 80 capsules.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 21 Capsule (mortar mix test specimen containing 10% capsule by weight) conductivity testing; ( a ) bitumen mix indirect tensile loading, ( b ) disintegrated test specimen, ( c ) induction heating/healing (5 min), and ( d ) restored test speciFigure 21. Capsule (mortar mix test specimen containing 10% capsule by weight) conductivity testing; ( a ) bitumen mix indirect tensile loading, ( b ) disintegrated test specimen, ( c ) induction heating/healing (5 min), and ( d ) restored test speciFigure 21. Capsule (mortar mix test specimen containing 10% capsule by weight) conductivity testing; ( a ) bitumen mix indirect tensile loading, ( b ) disintegrated test specimen, ( c ) induction heating/healing (5 min), and ( d ) restored test specimen.
Figure 21 Capsule (mortar mix test specimen containing 10% capsule by weight) conductivity testing; ( a ) bitumen mix indirect tensile loading, ( b ) disintegrated test specimen, ( c ) induction heating/healing (5 min), and ( d ) restored test speciFigure 21. Capsule (mortar mix test specimen containing 10% capsule by weight) conductivity testing; ( a ) bitumen mix indirect tensile loading, ( b ) disintegrated test specimen, ( c ) induction heating/healing (5 min), and ( d ) restored test speciFigure 21. Capsule (mortar mix test specimen containing 10% capsule by weight) conductivity testing; ( a ) bitumen mix indirect tensile loading, ( b ) disintegrated test specimen, ( c ) induction heating/healing (5 min), and ( d ) restored test specimen.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 22 Bitumen ITS and induction healing test results. Figure 22. Bitumen ITS and induction healing test results.
Figure 22 Bitumen ITS and induction healing test results. Figure 22. Bitumen ITS and induction healing test results.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 28
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 24 Mortar mix strength for ITS test specimens containing 10% capsules recovery after 5 mins of induction healing. Figure 24. Mortar mix strength for ITS test specimens containing 10% capsules recovery after 5 mins of induction healing.
Figure 24 Mortar mix strength for ITS test specimens containing 10% capsules recovery after 5 mins of induction healing. Figure 24. Mortar mix strength for ITS test specimens containing 10% capsules recovery after 5 mins of induction healing.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Research works printed but not linked: 22

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Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Tabaković, A., Mohan, J., & Karač, A.
Venue
Processes
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-08-03
Volume
9
Issue
8
Pages
1361
ISSN
2227-9717
DOI
10.3390/pr9081361
Cited by
17
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Enterprise Ireland (CF 20191063P)

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