How Frequently Are Articles in Predatory Open Access Journals Cited
Open accessAbstract
Predatory journals are Open Access journals of highly questionable scientific quality. Such journals pretend to use peer review for quality assurance, and spam academics with requests for submissions, in order to collect author payments. In recent years predatory journals have received a lot of negative media. While much has been said about the harm that such journals cause to academic publishing in general, an overlooked aspect is how much articles in such journals are actually read and in particular cited, that is if they have any significant impact on the research in their fields. Other studies have already demonstrated that only some of the articles in predatory journals contain faulty and directly harmful results, while a lot of the articles present mediocre and poorly reported studies. We studied citation statistics over a five-year period in Google Scholar for 250 random articles published in such journals in 2014 and found an average of 2.6 citations per article, and that 56% of the articles had no citations at all. For comparison, a random sample of articles published in the approximately 25,000 peer reviewed journals included in the Scopus index had an average of 18, 1 citations in the same period with only 9% receiving no citations. We conclude that articles published in predatory journals have little scientific impact.
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Predatory journals have evolved and manage to pass the selection process of major bibliographic and OA databases.
“these artificial journals have evolved and they even manage to pass the selection process of the major bibliographic, as well as OA, DBs [145,150,157,158,166]”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [166]
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“During the past two decades OA has slowly but steadily increased its market share of scholarly articles to almost 20% [10,11].”
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Additional file 1 of Predatory publishing in medical education: a rapid scoping review
Tomlinson, O. W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26663449
Additional file 2 of Predatory publishing in medical education: a rapid scoping review
Tomlinson, O. W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26663452
Pavlović, N. P., Pehar, F., & Valerjev, P. (2026) · Learned Publishing · doi:10.1002/leap.2042
Predatory journals and their societal impact: a study based on Beall’s list and altmetric.com
Vysakh, C. (2026) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-026-02808-9
Fernández-Ramos, A., Forgas, R. C., Bravo, B. R., & Garma, C. T. (2026) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.1093/reseval/rvag054
Predatory Publishing in the Era of Generative AI: Challenges, Governance and Top 10 Do's and Don'ts
Roussos, G., & Papadakis, S. (2026) · Pan-Hellenic Conference on Progress in Computing and Informatics (PCI) · doi:10.1145/3829216.3829268
- Authors
- Björk, B.-C., Kanto-Karvonen, S., & Harviainen, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Hanken School of Economics (FI)
- Tampere University (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Björk, Bo-Christer
- Venue
- Publications
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-03-26
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 17
- ISSN
- 2304-6775 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3013453949
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 10
- FWCI
- 8.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Publications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Publishing and Scholarly Communication
- Keywords
- predatory journals, citation impact, citation statistics, Google Scholar, Scopus, scholarly publishing, research quality, peer review
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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