The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 57 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future
Open accessAbstract
Over the last three decades of evolution, the Jogye Order’s postulant education system has made considerable progress in standardizing, centralizing, and modernizing Buddhist education for aspiring monastics. As celebrated by the order’s 2022 publication The 30-year History of Buddhist Monastic Postulant Education, the order’s program has successfully seen over 9800 ordained novices graduate since its launch in 1991. However, there is a broad consensus within Korea’s Buddhist community that the religion is in crisis and, within the order in particular, that its future is in peril. Unless it is reversed, the trend portends the very real possibility of the order’s demise by the end of the century, if not sooner. The order recently vowed to reverse the downward trend in monastic recruitment and raise the annual number of ordained novices to 150 by 2025 through a multifaceted plan involving greater youth outreach efforts, an increased social media presence, and online Buddhist educational materials, along with an expansion of the order’s international missionary efforts. Given that postulant recruitment is critical to the order’s survival, this paper examines the past, present, and future of the Jogye Order’s postulant education system in light of the current membership crisis, as well as the order’s recent publication of The 30-year History of Buddhist Monastic Postulant Education.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
The paper critically reviews the Jogye Order’s postulant education system over three decades, noting successful standardization and centralization and over 9,800 novice graduates since 1991, while arguing the order faces a severe monastic recruitment crisis. It examines the current five-stage training system and future issues including declining recruits, instructor shortages, shortened retreats, a proposed permanent education center, and foreign postulant education.
Key findings
- The Jogye Order’s postulant education program has graduated over 9,800 ordained novices since its 1991 launch; the paper’s table reports a total of 9,795 from 1991–2021. Annual recruits peaked at 532 in 1999 and fell to 99 in 2021, with the abstract citing just 63 in 2022.
- The current system has five stages: Daily Education (minimum five months at the home temple), Introductory Education (four-day retreat), Parish Headquarters Education (three months), Ordination Education (a retreat reduced from over three weeks to five days by 2020), and the Fifth-level Sangha examination; Kaplan is cited as noting around 99% of postulants pass the exam.
- Major issues include a shortage of qualified monastic instructors during Daily Education, criticism that the five-day Ordination Education retreat is too short, repeated but unrealized proposals for a Permanent Postulant Education Center, and the failure of the Hwagyesa foreign postulant training center, which opened in 2011, averaged 15 foreign graduates per year for three years, dropped to three or four by 2014, and closed by 2016.
- The order vowed to reverse the recruitment decline and raise annually ordained novices to 150 by 2025 through youth outreach, increased social media presence, online Buddhist educational materials, and expanded international missionary efforts.
Methods
- Critical historical review of the Jogye Order’s postulant education system, drawing on the order’s 2022 *The 30-year History of Buddhist Monastic Postulant Education*, prior scholarship (e.g., Kaplan, Buswell), media reports, and interviews with monastics and administrators.
- No formal empirical sampling or quantitative modeling; the paper uses descriptive statistics from the 30-year History table (1991–2021) and qualitative discussion of the five-stage system and future issues.
Limitations
- No formal limitations section is stated. Evident from the text: the study relies heavily on the Jogye Order’s own 30-year History, media sources, and interviews, with some claims anecdotal or interview-based.
- The paper notes that the order has provided little data on foreign postulants and that the 30-year History entirely ignores them; it also states that the historical relationship between the Iryeok Curriculum and ordination requirements remains unknown.
- The paper reports disputed reasons for the shortened Ordination Education retreat—official claims of streamlining versus critics citing budget cuts—and does not resolve this with independent data.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
1 Valid · 7 Not valid · 58 Not checked · 64 Own results and interpretations
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Following the efforts of Masters Kusan (1909-1983), Seungsahn (1927-2004), and other JO-affiliated monastics since the 1970s to spread Korean Buddhism among western audiences (Kim and Park 2022, pp. 2-5), the order has seen an increase in non-Korean monastics.”
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 4.5. Education of Foreign Postulants
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kim and Park 2022 source
The citation sits inside the subordinate clause ("...to spread Korean Buddhism among western audiences (Kim and Park 2022, pp. 2-5)"), and Sec. 2.1 of our copy documents exactly that: Master Kusan (1909-1983), seon master of Songgwangsa from 1970, first U.S. trip 1972, the 1974 International Meditation Zen Center for foreign students, and 46 Western monastics ordained during his eleven years there; Zen Master Seungsahn, the JO's first official international missionary, opening Providence (1972), Cambridge (1974), New Haven (1975) and European centres from 1978; plus the general statement that there were "numerous efforts by JO-affiliated monastics to win over non-Korean converts in America and elsewhere." The trailing main clause about a rise in non-Korean JO monastics is the citing authors' own inference and is not marked by this citation; our copy does not report such a rise (Introduction/Abstract report declining recruits, and Sec. 2.1 notes almost all of Kusan's Western ordinands left after his death and Seungsahn separated his centres from the JO in 1983). (LLM, conf=0.85)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the order's successes in standardizing and modernizing its monastic education system, the order has faced an increasingly critical crisis in monastic recruitment over recent decades: a problem which the World Economic Forum notes is shared by several major global religions due to dropping birth rates in developed nations (https://www.wonnews. co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=203027,”
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the peak of 532 new postulants in 1999, the number of annual monastic recruits within the order has progressively fallen to just 63 in 2022.”
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 1. Introduction
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“In 2016, Venerable Wonhaeng, president of Joongang Sangha University, established a four-year-long”
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 4.1. Postulant Education and the JO's Current Membership Crisis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kim 2016b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, in 2009, its length was reduced to just over two weeks due to the country's Swine Flu epidemic.”
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 4.3. Length and Content of the Postulant Ordination Education Retreat
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
49 more claims
Create a free account to see all 130 claims and to verify the 2 references still open.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 46
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 2.3. The Contemporary History of Postulant Education within the JO
“Additional changes to the program were launched in 2010 when the Postulant Education program was formally renamed "Ordination Education" (sugye gyoyuk) and the EDBP three-week training retreat was reduced to 16 days”
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 5. Conclusions
“| 2010 | 38/39 | 23/14 | 287 | | 2011 | 40/41 | 14/16 | 253 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 4.3. Length and Content of the Postulant Ordination Education Retreat
“for the first 20 years of the program, the retreat lasted over three weeks in length.”
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 5. Conclusions
“| 2009 | 36/37 | 23/14 | 266 | | 2010 | 38/39 | 23/14 | 287 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 2.3. The Contemporary History of Postulant Education within the JO
“and then in 2016, down to just 10 days.”
§ Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future > 5. Conclusions
“| 2016 | 50/51 | 16 | 157 | | 2017 | 52/53 | 10 | 151 |”
Citations
Cites
Buswell, R. E. (1992) · doi:10.1515/9780691216102 · Cited by 94
Vermeersch, S. (2008) · Harvard University Asia Center eBooks · doi:10.1163/9781684174768 · Cited by 23
The Power of the Buddhas: The Politics of Buddhism during the Koryo Dynasty (918-1392)
Vermeersch, S. (2008) · doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x07z5r · Cited by 23
Kim, K.-R., Kim, E. Y., Seo, W., & Park, C. (2019) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel10040234 · Cited by 11
Self-citationThe Movement to Reform Korean Buddhism and the Limits Thereof
윤승용 (2012) · Korea Journal · doi:10.25024/kj.2012.52.3.35 · Cited by 8
Kaplan, U. (2015) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 7
A Survey of the Attitudes Concerning the Role of the Laity in Korea’s Jogye Order
Park, C., & Kim, K. (2019) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel10120650 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPark, C., & Kim, K. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13040297 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAn Inquiry into the Reforms of 1983 Emergency Order and 1994 Reformation Order
Soo-chang, L. (2018) · 불교학보 · doi:10.18587/bh.2018.03.82.191 · Cited by 1
Ven. Tanheo's educational philosophy and the spirit
sik, K. K. (2013) · The Journal of the Korean Association for Buddhist Studies · Cited by 1
Cited by
The educational ministry of early Korean colporteurs
Kim, K.-H., & Chung, J.-K. (2024) · Pharos Journal of Theology · doi:10.46222/pharosjot.105.310 · Cited by 9
Self-citationKonsep Pendidikan Keagamaan Buddha dalam Kajian Sutta Pitaka
Amaliana, D., Surya, J., Dewi, K., Dewi, M. R., & Dewi, P. (2024) · Vijjacariya. · doi:10.69835/vjp.v11i1.494 · Cited by 3
Park, C., & Kim, K.-R. (2024) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel15060716 · Cited by 3
Self-citationKorean Buddhism in the Era of ‘Spiritual, but Not Religious’: Adapting to Contemporary Society
Somers, B. D. (2024) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel15111305 · Cited by 2
Protocols of Conversion: Indigenous Gods and Eminent Monks in East Asian Buddhism
Choe, J., & Son, J. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14070838
Metadata
- Authors
- Park, C., & Kim, K.
- Affiliations
- Dongguk University (KR)
- Department of Buddhist Studies, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Venue
- Religions
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-03-09
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 357
- ISSN
- 2077-1444 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4323663837
- Semantic Scholar
- a8b9d2ad0cb32e384fbe9887297f519637687d6d
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 8.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Religions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021S1A6A3A01097807)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Religious Education and Schools
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Contemporary Christian Leadership and Education
- Keywords
- Jogye Order, Korean Buddhism, monastic education, youth outreach, religious decline
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-13, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-13 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (qwen3.8-omni-flash).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/rel14030357
- The paper
- Park, C., & Kim, K. (2023). Postulant Education within the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism: A Critical Examination of Its Past, Its Present, and the Issues Facing Its Future. Religions. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14030357
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
