Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review

In the paper

“The European initiative seeks to develop “a distributed and international knowledge platform to facilitate multistakeholder collaboration and partnerships, sharing information, best practices, and policy advice among the United Nations Member States, civil society, the private sector, the scientific community and other stakeholders” [39].”

What the sources say

• Disputed

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites [39] Nativi, S., Mazzetti, P., and Craglia, M. (2021). Digital Ecosystems for Developing Digital Twins of the Earth: The Destination Earth Case. Remote Sens., 13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Other literature reviews such as [9,13,62,84] focus on presenting the DT architecture, definitions, concepts and benefits while others, such as [15][16][17][18], focus on the technical aspect of the DT technology and explore the trending technologies for a solid DT implementation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [9] Campos-Ferreira, A., Lozoya-Santos, J.J., Vargas-Martínez, A., Mendoza, R., and Morales-Menéndez, R. (2019). Digital Twin Applications: A review. Memorias del Congreso Nacional de Control Automático, Asociación de México de Control Automático.
• Supported

  The Introduction describes the paper as a literature-based overview of digital-twin concepts, functioning and characteristics. Section 2.1 reviews definitions, Section 4.3.2 discusses architecture, and Section 5.4 discusses benefits. The paper also covers technical trends, but that does not undermine the citing sentence’s characterization of this review. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [13] Juarez, 2021, Digital Twins: Review and Challenges, J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. source
• Disputed

  The Introduction (Section 1) says the paper gives special attention to modelling and simulation, and the Conclusion (Section 5) identifies its contribution as a methodology and toolbox for improving those aspects of digital twins. Although it presents a DT architecture, its stated focus is not a literature review of architecture, definitions, concepts and benefits. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites [62] Singh, 2021, Advancing digital twin implementation: A toolbox for modelling and simulation, Procedia CIRP sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Harper, 2019, Digital Twin Architecture and Standards, Ind. Internet Consort. J. Innov. source

In the paper

“this work incorporates three studies [24][25][26] of smart city DT concepts being developed in China, which presents the highest frequency of all countries.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Zhou, 2019, Digital Twin Framework and Its Application to Power Grid Online Analysis, CSSE J. Power Energy Syst. source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction describes a digital-twin approach to port development in the context of Chinese government management, and the Conclusion discusses smart-port construction. That supports identifying this as a study of a Chinese smart-infrastructure application, but the paper addresses ports rather than smart-city digital-twin concepts. The count of three studies and China's rank are the citing review's own findings, not findings attributed to this individual source. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [25] Haiyuan, Y., Dachuan, W., Mengcha, S., and Qi, Y. (2021). Application of Digital Twins in Port System. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1846. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The paper describes a digital-twin approach to city-wide urban agriculture and reports experiments using data from Shenzhen, China (VOLUME 9, 2021; Experimental Results). It therefore supports its identification as one of the cited studies concerning a DT concept in China. The count of three studies and China's highest frequency describe the citing review's own selection, not a finding attributed to this individual paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [26] Ghandar, 2021, A Decision Support System for Urban Agriculture Using Digital Twin: A Case Study With Aquaponics, IEEE Access source

In the paper

“In this initiative, information is used to study the set of natural and social phenomena that characterize the Earth system, a class of entities encompassing the local and global changes affecting the natural cycles, the deep under-surface processes and the interconnections with human society [39].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Section 1.3 describes the natural and social phenomena in the claim, including natural cycles, deep under-surface processes, and connections with human society. But it assigns the aim of studying them to Big Earth Data science, not specifically to Destination Earth. Section 2 describes Destination Earth as using natural and socio-economic information to develop digital twins of aspects of the Earth system; it does not explicitly assign the full study scope to that initiative. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [39] Nativi, S., Mazzetti, P., and Craglia, M. (2021). Digital Ecosystems for Developing Digital Twins of the Earth: The Destination Earth Case. Remote Sens., 13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“By aggregating smart capabilities, the PDT is able to process the information being monitored from the physical counterpart and generate actionable data that can be used for design optimization, maintenance strategy generation and drawing conclusions from a product's performance [12].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction describes digital twins as combining real-time monitoring, analytics and optimisation. Section 4.2 reports that they merge physical and real-time data to provide trends, optimisation and maintenance strategy. The cited paper does not identify a distinct “performance digital twin” (PDT) or explicitly describe drawing conclusions from a product’s performance, so it supports the sentence’s general capabilities but not all of its specificity. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [12] Sharma, A., Kosasih, E., Zhang, J., Brintrup, A., and Calinescu, A. (2021). Digital Twins: State of the Art Theory and Practice, Challenges, and Open Research Questions. arXiv. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In accordance with DT characteristics, the DTP is able to simulate manufacturing scenarios and perform validation testing, evaluation and even quality control testing prior to the actual manufacturing process itself.This approach effectively reduces production costs and operational time by identifying flaws or possible risks of the physical twin before production.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [10] Singh, M., Fuenmayor, E., Hinchy, E.P., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., and Devine, D. (2021). Digital Twin: Origin to Future. Appl. Syst. Innov., 4. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Dahmen, U., and Rossmann, J. (2018, January 1–3). Experimentable Digital Twins for a Modeling and Simulation-based Engineering Approach. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE), Rome, Italy. source

In the paper

“However, the modern state of the art classifies and defines DTs based on the application domain [10] and their levels of integration.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Section 3.3 states that digital twins can be classified by their applications and level of integration. Sections 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 describe those two classification criteria, supporting the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [10] Singh, M., Fuenmayor, E., Hinchy, E.P., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., and Devine, D. (2021). Digital Twin: Origin to Future. Appl. Syst. Innov., 4. source

In the paper

“City-scale DTs are used to improve the quality of life, mobility and services of the citizens [22] in such a way that technological advances are people-centered and improve the quality of life of citizens rather than achieve economic efficiency [23].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Wright, 2020, How to tell the difference between a model and a digital twin, Adv. Model. Simul. Eng. Sci. source
• Supported

  The citation [23] attaches to the people-centered clause. In §2, “Background: The Smart(er) City,” the authors explicitly advocate that technical innovations improve inhabitants’ quality of life rather than prioritize process or economic efficiency. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [23] Dembski, F., Wossner, U., Letzgus, M., Ruddat, M., and Yamu, C. (2020). Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany. Sustainability, 12. source

In the paper

“Although not explicitly related to DTs, this standardization approach is key for the widespread implementation of DTs.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Section 3.1 says the authors made the eLUX digital-twin creation process as compliant with ISO 19650-3 as possible. It does not say that this standardization approach is key to widespread digital-twin implementation or explicitly characterize the standard as unrelated to digital twins. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites [29] Tagliabue, L., Cecconi, F., Maltese, S., Rinaldi, S., Ciribini, A., and Flammini, A. (2021). Leveraging Digital Twin for Sustainability Assessment of an Educational Building. Sustainability, 13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [47] International Organization for Standardization (2020). ISO 19650-3:2020. Int. Stand. Civ. Eng., 10, Available online: https://www.iso.org/standard/75109.html.

In the paper

“The study relied on surveys with industry experts to focus on the lifecycle applicability and the integration of the CDT model in practice.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Section 4, “Evaluation of the Proposed CDTsBLM Model,” says the authors distributed a digital survey to industry professionals to assess the model’s effectiveness in practice. It identifies the survey’s core theme as the lifecycle applicability and integration of CDTs with existing building lifecycle management practices. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [45] Yitmen, I., Alizadehsalehi, S., Akiner, I., and Akiner, M. (2021). An Adapted Model of Cognitive Digital Twins for Building Lifecycle Management. Appl. Sci., 11. source

In the paper

“The challenge of running the DT in real time is not only related to the need for re-running the optimization algorithm, but to the migration of the DT from one edge server to another [68].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Conclusions and Future Works section says that real-time replacement of social digital twins can require both rerunning the optimization algorithm and migrating a twin between edge servers. The citing sentence broadens this from the specific challenge of real-time replacement to running a digital twin in real time generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [68] Chukhno, O., Chukhno, N., Araniti, G., Campolo, C., Iera, A., and Molinaro, A. (2020). Optimal Placement of Social Digital Twins in Edge IoT Networks. Sensors, 20. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Another challenge is related to the complexity of urban planning in megacities [50] which significantly delays all freight and logistics operations-see the example of Seattle where freight vehicles spend 28% of their trip time finding available parking.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Section 2.1, “Megacities and urban planning,” says growing freight demand will make logistics harder to manage and reports that cruising for parking took an average of 28% of trip time for commercial vehicles in downtown Seattle. It does not say urban-planning complexity significantly delays all freight and logistics operations, and the Seattle figure is specific to downtown commercial vehicles. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [50] Pan, 2021, Smart city for sustainable urban freight logistics, Int. J. Prod. Res. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Another one is that humans, if seen as models, are not independent from one another.Factors such as genetics, heredity and even culture might play a role in determining differences in specific human features [51].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Sections 4.2–4.3 say relatives share inherited genes and that people with consanguinity may have similar characteristics; section 5.2 says human digital twin models must account for heredity and variation. The paper also discusses social and environmental influences, but our copy does not specifically say that culture determines differences in human features. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [51] Shengli, 2021, Is Human Digital Twin possible?, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. Update sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The authors of [44] have proposed a DT evaluation of net-zero energy building (NZEB) for existing buildings; the approach is to combine a novel hierarchy flow chart with a BIM which is then used to thoroughly visualize each option, promote collaboration among stakeholders and accurately estimate associated costs and associated technical issues encountered while producing an NZEB in a predetermined”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [44] Sakdirat, K., Rungskunroch, P., and Welsh, J. (2019). A Digital-Twin Evaluation of Net Zero Energy Building for Existing Buildings. Sustainability, 11. source

In the paper

“Other authors [29] have started to use DTs to conduct a sustainability assessment of an educational building in combination with an IoT-enabled dynamic approach.This is one of the few approaches to date that has shifted towards a maturity level of 3 by real-time data integration with the physical DT model of the building.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [29] Tagliabue, L., Cecconi, F., Maltese, S., Rinaldi, S., Ciribini, A., and Flammini, A. (2021). Leveraging Digital Twin for Sustainability Assessment of an Educational Building. Sustainability, 13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“DTs have been identified as enablers for further optimization of the efficiency and reliability of electric vehicles (EVs).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Conclusions state directly that digital twins will enable further optimisation of EV efficiency and reliability. The citing sentence accurately paraphrases that prospective claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [71] Van Mierlo, J., Berecibar, M., El Baghdadi, M., De Cauwer, C., Messagie, M., Coosemans, T., Jacobs, V., and Hegazy, O. (2021). Beyond the State of the Art of Electric Vehicles: A Fact-Based Paper of the Current and Prospective Electric Vehicle Technologies. World Electr. Veh. J., 12. source

In the paper

“Furthermore, the DTs may generate actionable intelligence necessary for addressing global challenges, facilitating sustainable transitions and contributing to realizing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) agenda [39].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion and Conclusions section says that datafication generates actionable intelligence for work on global change and sustainable development, and that this approach can leverage Digital Twins of the Earth. It also describes a framework supporting those twins for implementation of the SDG agenda. This supports the citing sentence’s qualified claim that digital twins may contribute to those aims. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [39] Nativi, S., Mazzetti, P., and Craglia, M. (2021). Digital Ecosystems for Developing Digital Twins of the Earth: The Destination Earth Case. Remote Sens., 13. source

In the paper

“However, applications in Latin America offer significant opportunities for environmental and sustainable development [27].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Environment section says smart-city development offers environmental opportunities and requires an approach to sustainable development; the paper also describes projects in Bogotá, Colombia. It does not assess applications across Latin America, so the regional scope of the claim goes beyond the evidence in our copy (page not specified). (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [27] Guevara, 2019, Towards the design and implementation of a Smart City in Bogotá, Colombia, Rev. Fac. DeIng. Univ. Antioq. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In the literature to date, the majority of DT concepts are at levels 0-3 of maturity, and few have started the integration with real-time data streams”

In the paper

“On-demand delivery methods such as AmazonPrime, Deliveroo, Uber Eats, etc. are gaining significant momentum, leading to an increase in on-demand personal trips around cities; the complexity of modeling all this behavior currently represents a unique challenge.”

In the paper

“The 3D simulation modeling with the time component is the preferred approach to date due to the availability of running multiple what-if scenarios powered by real data sets.”

In the paper

“The total number of publications was 115, and after filtering the highly ranked studies, 84 references were obtained for presentation in this review; moreover, we selected a smaller set of 18 more recent (2019-present) studies that were analyzed in depth and used for a comparative analysis that presents more insights on the trending enabling technologies used in the current applications of DT-base”

In the paper

“Hence, the practical implementation of DTs faces obstacles such as real-time communication, complexity, accuracy, integration and structural foundations.”

In the paper

“Each domain demands specific tools for development, but the most common are GIS modeling, ANSYS, ML data processing, big data, GPS/LIDAR sensors and IoT communication using various interfaces.”

In the paper

“All domains present advanced and mature implementations with most of them classified at level 3 of the maturity spectrum (where models are enriched with real-time and static data).”

In the paper

“The findings in Table 2 show that some technologies such as ML, big data, remote sensing, IoT and cloud computing are common across all domains and are therefore the most relevant when it comes to DT implementation in general.”

In the paper

“As presented in Table 2, most applications lie in the early stages of DT development and levels of these evaluation methods, indicating the infancy stage of DT implementations and the large gap to fill.”

In the paper

“According to the literature, around 18% of engineering applications of DTs focus on design, approximately 35% on production areas, 38% on prognostics and health management (PHM) and 9% on other areas [59].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Tao, 2018, Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art, IEEE Access source

In the paper

“For instance, some key features, such as realtime monitoring, predictive analysis or edge/cloud computing, will differ in terms of relevance but the main concept and basic architecture of the DT are still prevalent across all domains.”

In the paper

“In the different domains presented in this work, their respective concepts of DTs have different focuses and needs.”

In the paper

“Table 2 includes advanced applications of DTs, but more work needs to be done to fully enable autonomous, sustainable and accepted DTs in real environments.”

In the paper

“For instance, some key features, such as realtime monitoring, predictive analysis or edge/cloud computing, will differ in terms of relevance but the main concept and basic architecture of the DT are still prevalent across all domains.”

In the paper

“The emergent use of DT applications across a number of domains is on the rise and, combined with enabling technologies such as big data, ML, advanced modeling, simulation and advanced communication interfaces, it enables insights on their physical twin's operation in a way that is useful and actionable by the designer or the operator.”

In the paper

“In the experimental setup presented in [32], the DT of the urban space uses information from three sources: citizens, IoT data from smart devices and sensors and 3D and urban mobility data enabled by internet connectivity between the DT and the city's council [32].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] White, 2021, A digital twin smart city for citizen feedback, Cities source

In the paper

“Currently, research scientists are being left behind by several industrial leaders which are moving towards detailed simulation modeling without considering the true and powerful research questions about the capability of such systems powered by big data and AI, which represents a significant gap in some cases that needs to be filled.”

In the paper

“For this work, a systematic literature review (SLR) method is employed in accordance with Charles Sturt University guidelines.Higgins et al. in the “Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention” [1] define a systematic review as one that “seeks to collate evidence that fits prespecified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Higgins, J.P.T., and Thomas, J. (2021). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons. Chapter Part 2: Core Methods. source

In the paper

“We finally selected articles and publications from recent years (2017-present), and from Q1 and Q2 high-ranked journals (as classified by the Scopus journal search engine).”

In the paper

“However, there is a general framework for the DT architecture which is composed of three main elements: the physical world, the virtual world and the connectivity between the two [9].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [9] Campos-Ferreira, A., Lozoya-Santos, J.J., Vargas-Martínez, A., Mendoza, R., and Morales-Menéndez, R. (2019). Digital Twin Applications: A review. Memorias del Congreso Nacional de Control Automático, Asociación de México de Control Automático.

In the paper

“In terms of the SRL for this type of DT, considering the interests of all participants and stakeholders and balancing their utility are the bottlenecks and pose a challenge that still needs to be solved.”

In the paper

“The authors in [6] mention that a DT must have a physical counterpart to be determined as such.Without the physical counterpart, it is merely a digital model or a digital functional description [6].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Biesinger, F., and Weyrich, M. (2019, January 23–26). The Facets of Digital Twins in Production and the Automotive Industry. Proceedings of the 2019 23rd International Conference on Mechatronics Technology (ICMT), Salerno, Italy. source

In the paper

“However, the main databases used were ResearchGate, MDPI, Science Direct and ProQuest.”

In the paper

“due to the significant challenge of data gathering, filtering and processing in real time, as well as device malfunctioning and poor calibration which may create anomalies or missing data points.”

In the paper

“Smart city DTs offer a way of gathering and handling data for automated decision making.”

In the paper

“One of the most important insights from [5] is related to a classification of several maturity levels for DTs as presented in Table 1, which are agnostic of the industry domain or the technologies used to build the models.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [5] Evans, S., Savian, C., Burns, A., and Cooper, C. (2021, October 15). Digital Twins for the Built Environment: An Introduction to the Opportunities, Benefits, Challenges and Risks. Built Environmental News, Available online: https://www.theiet.org/impact-society/sectors/built-environment/built-environment-news/digital-twins-for-the-built-environment/.

In the paper

“Big data-based diagnosis and prognosis will be the mainstream research object, including algorithm design, feature extraction, performance improvement, etc.”

In the paper

“Search criteria: publications with the term “digital twin” in the keywords or in the title.2. Year of publication from 2017 to present.3. Publications were selected from different application industries such as smart cities, freight logistics, medicine, engineering, automotive, etc.”

In the paper

“The use of ML and DL techniques has become more relevant as smart cities have become “exciting testbeds for data mining and ML” [32].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] White, 2021, A digital twin smart city for citizen feedback, Cities source

In the paper

“Other implementations of DTs as smart city applications can be found in [40] where the authors mention that the latest implementations of smart cities seek to use the information gathered from IoT real-time sensory information to “improve the efficiency, sustainability and security of urban spaces while reducing costs and resource consumption”.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [40] Lee, S., Jain, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., and Son, Y.J. (June, January 30). A Multi-Paradigm Simulation for the Implementation of Digital Twins in Surveillance Applications. Proceedings of the 2020 IISE Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA.

In the paper

“On the other hand, the functionality and behavior of a system depends on the correct interaction of modules with a local intelligence [11].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Dahmen, U., and Rossmann, J. (2018, January 1–3). Experimentable Digital Twins for a Modeling and Simulation-based Engineering Approach. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE), Rome, Italy. source

In the paper

“This is representative of applications where relevant stakeholders are not identified or consulted, and the potential impact on society and the environment is not well defined.”

In the paper

“Thus, DTs enable companies to make more accurate predictions, rational decisions and informed plans [59].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Tao, 2018, Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art, IEEE Access source

In the paper

“The engineering applications of DTs seek to predict the future behavior and the performance of a physical system (predictive) and build a relevant industrial big data that allow the self-adaptive behavior of the equipment, providing support in the decision-making process (interrogative) [24,60].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Zhou, 2019, Digital Twin Framework and Its Application to Power Grid Online Analysis, CSSE J. Power Energy Syst. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [60] Bottani, E., Assunta, C., Murino, T., and Vespoli, S. (2017, January 19–22). From the Cyber-Physical System to the Digital Twin: The process development for behaviour modelling of a Cyber Guided Vehicle in M2M logic. Proceedings of the Conference: XXII Summer School Francesco Turco–Industrial Systems Engineering, Paris, France.

In the paper

“Nonetheless, a robust simulation requires precision, accuracy, data acquisition and synchronization [24].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Zhou, 2019, Digital Twin Framework and Its Application to Power Grid Online Analysis, CSSE J. Power Energy Syst. source

In the paper

“Vehicles can be classified as systems-of-systems which adds to the complexity of representing cars in a virtual world.”

In the paper

“Big data sets would need to be monitored closely in terms of accuracy, frequency and the level of agreement amongst all stakeholders.”

In the paper

“The increase in the amount of sensors needed comes with an added complexity with regard to data connectivity and processing which poses a challenge to reach level 3 in the maturity spectrum from Table 1 (where the digital model needs to be enriched with real-time information).”

In the paper

“The use of urban spaces and human health DTs is aligned with citizen well-being and Sustainable Development Goals which target a framework of sustainability for DT development.”

In the paper

“This suggests a point of improvement when it comes to developing more sustainable and society-centered applications where communities, governments and stakeholders are taken into account.”

In the paper

“This insight leads to a data-driven decision making, which in some domains is the main advantage of DTs.”

In the paper

“Although universal standards for this technology still lack widespread adoption, the increasing amount of publications and attention towards DTs is an important step for standardization organizations such as ISO to take DTs into account.”

In the paper

“Table 2 includes advanced applications of DTs, but more work needs to be done to fully enable autonomous, sustainable and accepted DTs in real environments.”

In the paper

“The emergent use of DT applications across a number of domains is on the rise and, combined with enabling technologies such as big data, ML, advanced modeling, simulation and advanced communication interfaces, it enables insights on their physical twin's operation in a way that is useful and actionable by the designer or the operator.”

In the paper

“DT technology is still in its early stages and reaching its full potential will require addressing significant limitations and challenges for a modern DT implementation, such as: costs, information complexity and maintenance, a lack of standards and regulations and issues related to cybersecurity and communications.”

In the paper

“Other literature reviews such as [9,13,62,84] focus on presenting the DT architecture, definitions, concepts and benefits while others, such as [15][16][17][18], focus on the technical aspect of the DT technology and explore the trending technologies for a solid DT implementation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [15][16][17][18]

In the paper

“With the large amount of data generated and analyzed in DT systems, big data algorithms and the IoT technology are powerful allies that can provide support to a great extent to successful DT implementations [75].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [75] Oracle (2018). Developing Applications with Oracle Internet of Things Cloud Service: Digital Twins. Oracle, Available online: https://docs.oracle.com/en/cloud/paas/iot-cloud/iotgs/oracle-iot-digital-twin-implementation.html.

In the paper

“Technologies and tools for data processing and analysis will be key enablers for further improvements in DTs.”