The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multifrequency Vector Measurement System for Reliable Vehicle Magnetic Profile Assessment
Open accessAbstract
This paper describes the design and the performance of simultaneous, multifrequency impedance measurement system for four inductive-loop (IL) sensors which have been developed for vehicle parameters measurement based on vehicle magnetic profile (VMP) analysis. Simultaneous impedance measurement on several excitation frequencies increases the VMP measurement reliability because typical electromagnetic interferences (EMI) are narrowband, and should not simultaneously affect, in the same way, all measurement bands that are spread in the frequency, i.e., it is expected that at least one measurement band is disturbance-free. The system consists of two standard and two slim IL sensors, specially designed and installed, the analogue front-end, and an industrial computer with digital-to-analogue and analogue-to-digital converters accessed via field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The impedance of the IL sensors is obtained by vector measurement of voltages from auto-balancing bridge (ABB) front-end. Complex voltages are demodulated from excitation frequencies with FIR filters designed with the flat-top windows. The system is capable of delivering VMPs in real-time mode, and also storing voltages for off-line postprocessing and analysis. Field distributions and sensitivities of slim and standard IL sensors are also discussed. Field test confirmed assumed increased reliability of VMP measurement for proposed simultaneous multifrequency operational mode.
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The perfectly flat-top filters used for signal demodulation [1] have a very narrow passband, which effectively suppresses broadband disturbances such as white noise.
“The perfectly flat-top filters used for signal demodulation [1] have a very narrow passband, which effectively suppresses broadband disturbances such as white noise.”
From Vehicle speed determination with inductive-loop technology and fast and accurate fractional time delay estimation by DFT (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
Section 3.4 (page unavailable) says flat-top bandpass filters are used for demodulation and reject unwanted spectral components, including other carrier frequencies. It does not specify a very narrow passband or establish that these filters effectively suppress broadband white noise; Section 3 discusses white noise in connection with sampling and averaging instead. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the presented MFIM system, wide-band noise is suppressed through signal pre-processing.
“in the presented MFIM system, wide-band noise is suppressed through signal pre-processing.”
From Vehicle speed determination with inductive-loop technology and fast and accurate fractional time delay estimation by DFT (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Demodulation is carried out in software, simultaneously for all three excitation frequencies, using perfectly flat-top filters [1,30] to prevent amplitude errors.”
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Pomiary parametrów ruchu drogowego
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Metadata
- Authors
- Marszalek, Z., & Duda, K.
- Affiliations
- Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- AGH University of Krakow (PL)
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-08-31
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 4933
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7506775
- OpenAlex
- W3081707514
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanislawa Staszica (contract no 11.11.120.774)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Transport Systems and Technology
- Keywords
- inductive loop detectors, vector measurements, electromagnetic interference, FIR filters, sensor sensitivity, real-time measurement
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