CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 65Entrepreneurship Studies and InfluencesSustainability in Higher EducationService-Learning and Community Engagement

Learning Sustainability Entrepreneurship by Doing: Providing a Lecturer-Oriented Service Learning Framework

Open access
Halberstadt, Jantje, Schank, Christoph, Euler, Mark, Harms, Rainer·2019·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su11051217
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Due to its growing practical relevance, sustainability entrepreneurship receives a high degree of academic attention. However, literature on how to educate sustainability entrepreneurs remains scarce. A promising didactical approach in this context is service learning. We ask if service learning is an effective way to educate sustainability entrepreneurs, and which framework conditions impact those educators. First, we draw on an established sustainable entrepreneurship capability framework and provide direct evidence from entrepreneurship educators about the effectiveness of service learning. Second, based on grounded theory, qualitative interviews with those educators reveal a framework composed of personal and institutional factors that they have to navigate when provide service learning. Our findings contribute to the interface of service learning and sustainability entrepreneurship by highlighting its effectiveness and the framework conditions for educators.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/su11051217

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • When students approach challenges with inventive solutions, they can drive meaningful change in their communities and beyond, being proactive citizens and change-makers.

    “When students approach challenges with inventive solutions, they can drive meaningful change in their communities and beyond, being proactive citizens and change-makers in the rapidly evolving world [55].”

    From Beyond the Classroom: Integrating the ORID Model for In-Depth Reflection and Assessment in Service-Learning (2024) · cites this paper as [55]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 93

  1. Muñoz, P.; Janssen, F.; Nicolopoulou, K.; Hockerts, K. Advancing sustainable entrepreneurship through substantive research. Int. J. Entrepr. Behav. Res. 2018, 24, 322-332. [CrossRef] · DOI
  2. Saebi, T.; Foss, N.J.; Linder, S. Social entrepreneurship research: Past achievements and future promises. J. Manag. 2018. [CrossRef] · DOI
  3. Levinsohn, D. Disembedded and beheaded: A critical review of the emerging field of sustainability entrepreneurship. Int. J. Entrepr. Small Bus. 2013, 19, 190-211. [CrossRef] · DOI
  4. Schaltegger, S.; Wagner, M. Sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation: Categories and interactions. Bus. Strategy Environ. 2011, 20, 222-237. [CrossRef] · DOI
  5. Halberstadt, J.; Hölzner, H. Social Entrepreneurship. In Sozialwirtschaft-Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis; Grundwald, K., Langer, A., Eds.; Nomos Verlag: Baden-Baden, Germany, 2018; pp. 592-605.
  6. Spiegler, A.B.; Halberstadt, J. SHEstainability: How relationship networks influence the idea generation in opportunity recognition process by female social entrepreneurs. Int. J. Entrepr. Ventur. 2018, 10, 202-235. [CrossRef] · DOI
  7. Hesselbarth, C.; Schaltegger, S. Educating change agents for sustainability-learnings from the first sustainability management master of business administration. J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 62, 24-36. [CrossRef] · DOI
  8. Partzsch, L.; Ziegler, R. Social entrepreneurs as change agents: A case study on power and authority in the water sector. Int. Environ. Agreem. Politics Law Econ. 2011, 11, 63-83. [CrossRef] · DOI
  9. Filho, W.L., Azeiteiro, U.M., Alves, F., Molthan-Hill, P., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 31-48.
  10. Enders, J., de Boer, H.F., Westerheijden, D.F., Eds.; Sense Publishers: Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2011; pp. 81-101.
  11. Bonnet, H.; Hoogwater, D.; Spaans, J.; Wehrmann, C. Teaching sustainable entrepreneurship to engineering students: The case of Delft University of Technology. Eur. J. Eng. Educ. 2006, 31, 155-167. [CrossRef] · DOI
  12. Chesbrough, H.W. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology; Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA, USA, 2003.
  13. Walsh, S.T.; Groen, A.J. Introduction to the field of creative enterprise. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2013, 80, 187-190.
  14. Barton, M.; Schaefer, R.; Canavati, S. To be or not to be a social entrepreneur: Motivational drivers amongst American business students. Entrepr. Bus. Econ. Rev. 2018, 6, 9-35. [CrossRef] · DOI
  15. Ploum, L.; Blok, V.; Lans, T.; Omta, O. Toward a validated competence framework for sustainable entrepreneurship. Organ. Environ. 2018, 31, 113-132. [CrossRef] · DOI
  16. Wyness, L.; Jones, P.; Klapper, R. Sustainability: What the entrepreneurship educators think. Educ. Train. 2015, 57, 834-852. [CrossRef] · DOI
  17. Biberhofer, P.; Lintner, C.; Bernhardt, J.; Rieckmann, M. Facilitating work performance of sustainability-driven entrepreneurs through higher education: The relevance of competencies, values, worldviews and opportunities. Int. J. Entrepr. Innov. 2018. [CrossRef] · DOI
  18. Corcoran, P.B.; Weakland, J.P.; Wals, A.E. (Eds.) Envisioning Futures for Environmental and Sustainability Education; Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2017.
  19. Howorth, C.; Smith, S.M.; Parkinson, C. Social learning and social entrepreneurship education. Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ. 2012, 11, 371-389. [CrossRef] · DOI
  20. Lans, T.; Blok, V.; Wesselink, R. Learning apart and together: Towards an integrated competence framework for sustainable entrepreneurship in higher education. J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 62, 37-47. [CrossRef] · DOI
  21. Kolb, D.A. Experiential Learning: Experience as The Source of Learning and Development; FT Press: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 1984.
  22. Furco, A. Expanding Boundaries: Serving and Learning; Corporation for National Service: Washington, DC, USA, 1996; pp. 2-6.
  23. Jones, A.L.; Warner, B.; Kiser, P.M. Service-Learning & Social Entrepreneurship: Finding the Common Ground. Partnerships 2010, 1, 1-15.
  24. Mindt, L.; Rieckmann, M. Developing competencies for sustainability-driven entrepreneurship in higher education: A literature review of teaching and learning methods. Teoria De La Educacion 2017, 29, 129-159. [CrossRef] · DOI
  25. Companys, Y.; McMullen, J. Strategic entrepreneurs at work: The nature, discovery, and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Small Bus. Econ. 2007, 28, 301-322. [CrossRef] · DOI
  26. Shane, S.; Venkataraman, S. The promise of enterpreneurship as a field of research. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2000, 25, 217-226. [CrossRef] · DOI
  27. Baron, R.A.; Tang, J. Entrepreneurs' social skills and new venture performance: Mediating mechanisms and cultural generality. J. Manag. 2009, 35, 282-306. [CrossRef] · DOI
  28. Brickmann, J.; Salomo, S.; Gemuenden, H.G. Financial Management Competence of Founding Teams and Growth of New Technology-Based Firms. Entrepr. Theory Pract. 2011, 35, 217-243. [CrossRef] · DOI
  29. Chandler, G.N.; Hanks, S.H. Founder competence, the environment, and venture performance. Entrepr. Theory Pract. 1994, 18, 77-89. [CrossRef] · DOI
  30. Foss, N.J.; Mahnke, V. (Eds.) Competence, Governance, and Entrepreneurship: Advances in Economic Strategy Research; Oxford University Press on Demand: Oxford, UK, 2002.
  31. Baum, J.R.; Locke, E.A. The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. J. Appl. Psychol. 2004, 89, 587-598. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  32. Colombo, M.G.; Grilli, L. Founders' human capital and the growth of new technology-based firms: A competence-based view. Res. Policy 2005, 34, 795-816. [CrossRef] · DOI
  33. Ucbasaran, D.; Westhead, P.; Wright, M. Opportunity identification and pursuit: Does an entrepreneur's human capital matter? Small Bus. Econ. 2008, 30, 153-173. [CrossRef] · DOI
  34. Mauer, R.; Neergaard, H.; Linstad, A.K. Self-efficacy: Conditioning the entrepreneurial mindset. In Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind: International Studies in Entrepreneurship; Brännback, M., Crasrud, A., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 293-317.
  35. Barth, M.; Godemann, J.; Rieckmann, M.; Stoltenberg, U. Developing key competencies for sustainable development in higher education. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 2007, 8, 416-430. [CrossRef] · DOI
  36. De Haan, G. The BLK "21" programme in Germany: A "Gestaltungskompetenz" based model for education for sustainable development. Environ. Educ. Res. 2006, 12, 19-32. [CrossRef] · DOI
  37. Frisk, E.; Larson, K.L. Educating for sustainability: Competencies & practices for transformative action. J. Sustain. Educ. 2011, 2, 1-20.
  38. Willard, M.; Wiedmeyer, C.; Warren Flint, R.; Weedon, J.S.; Woodward, R.; Feldman, I.; Edwards, M. The sustainability professional: 2010 competency survey report. Environ. Qual. Manag. 2011, 20, 49-83. [CrossRef] · DOI
  39. Osagie, E.R.; Wesselink, R.; Blok, V.; Mulder, M. Contextualizing individual competencies for managing the corporate social responsibility adaptation process: The apparent influence of the business case logic. Bus. Soc. 2016. [CrossRef] · DOI
  40. Wiek, A.; Withycombe, L.; Redman, C.L. Key competencies in sustainability: A reference framework for academic program development. Sustain. Sci. 2011, 6, 203-218. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  41. Wesselink, R.; Blok, V.; van Leur, S.; Lans, T.; Dentoni, D. Individual competencies for managers engaged in corporate sustainable management practices. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 106, 497-506. [CrossRef] · DOI
  42. Dentoni, D.; Blok, V.; Lans, T.; Wesselink, R. Developing human capital for agri-food firms' multi-stakeholder interactions. Int. Food Agribus. Manag. Rev. 2012, 15, 61-68.
  43. Mogensen, F.; Schnack, K. The action competence approach and the "new" discourses of education for sustainable development, competence and quality criteria. Environ. Educ. Res. 2010, 16, 59-74. [CrossRef] · DOI
  44. Schnack, K. Internationalisation, democracy and environmental education. In Environmental Education Research in the Nordic Countries: Proceedings from the Research Centre for Environmental and Health Education;
  45. Breiting, S., Nielsen, K., Eds.; The Royal Danish School for Educational Studies: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996; pp. 7-19.
  46. Ellis, G.; Weekes, T. Making sustainability "real": Using group-enquiry to promote education for sustainable development. Environ. Educ. Res. 2008, 14, 482-500. [CrossRef] · DOI
  47. Blok, V.; Gremmen, B.; Wesselink, R. Dealing with the wicked problem of sustainable development: The necessity virtuous competence. Bus. Prof. Ethics J. 2015, 34, 297-327.
  48. Schlange, L.E. Stakeholder identification in sustainability entrepreneurship. Green. Manag. Int. 2009, 55, 13-32. [CrossRef] · DOI
  49. Dore, J. A City and Its Universities: A Mayor's Perspective. Metrop. Univ. 1990, 1, 29-35.
  50. Neave, G. The Universities' Responsibilities to Society: International Perspectives. Issues in Higher Education Series; Elsevier Science: Oxford, UK, 2000.
  51. Jacoby, B. Service-Learning Essentials: Questions, Answers, and Lessons Learned; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2014.
  52. Waterman, A.S. (Ed.) Service-Learning: Applications from the Research; Routledge: London, UK, 2014.
  53. Godfrey, P.C.; Illes, L.M.; Berry, G.R. Creating breadth in business education through service-learning. Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ. 2005, 4, 309-323. [CrossRef] · DOI
  54. Giles, D.E., Jr.; Eyler, J. The theoretical roots of service-learning in John Dewey: Toward a theory of service-learning. Mich. J. Community Serv. Learn. 1994, 1, 77-85.
  55. Markus, G.B.; Howard, J.P.F.; King, D.C. Integrating community service and classroom instruction enhances learning: Results from an experiment. Educ. Eval. Policy Anal. 1993, 15, 410-419. [CrossRef] · DOI
  56. Miller, J. Linking traditional and service-learning courses: Outcome evaluations utilizing two pedagogically distinct models. Mich. J. Community Serv. Learn. 1994, 1, 29-36.
  57. Swaminathan, R. Educating for the "real world": The hidden curriculum of community service-learning. Equity Excell. Educ. 2007, 40, 134-143. [CrossRef] · DOI
  58. Hart, D.D.; Buizer, J.L.; Foley, J.A.; Gilbert, L.E.; Graumlich, L.J.; Kapuscinski, A.R.; Kramer, J.G.; Palmer, M.A.; Peart, D.R.; Silka, L. Mobilizing the power of higher education to tackle the grand challenge of sustainability: Lessons from novel initiatives. Elem. Sci. Anth. 2016, 4. [CrossRef] · DOI
  59. Jones, S.R.; Abes, E.S. Enduring influences of service-learning on college students' identity development. J. Coll. Stud. Dev. 2004, 45, 149-166. [CrossRef] · DOI
  60. Huda, M.; Mat Teh, K.S.; Nor Muhamad, N.H.; Mohd Nasir, B. Transmitting leadership based civic responsibility: Insights from service learning. Int. J. Ethics Syst. 2018, 34, 20-31. [CrossRef] · DOI
  61. Lemons, L.; Strong, J. Developing Teamwork and Team Leadership Skills through Service Learning. Agric. Educ. Mag. 2016, 89, 18-19.
  62. Simons, L.; Cleary, B. The influence of service learning on students' personal and social development. Coll. Teach. 2006, 54, 307-319. [CrossRef] · DOI
  63. Amerson, R. The impact of service-learning on cultural competence. Nurs. Educ. Perspect. 2010, 31, 18-22. [PubMed]
  64. Denton, J.M.; Esparza, S.; Fike, D.S.; Gonzalez, J.; Denton, M.L. Improvements in cultural competence through classroom and local cross-cultural service-learning activities. J. Phys. Ther. Educ. 2016, 30, 6-13. [CrossRef] · DOI
  65. Engberg, M.E.; Fox, K. Exploring the relationship between undergraduate service-learning experiences and global perspective-taking. J. Stud. Aff. Res. Pract. 2011, 48, 85-105. [CrossRef] · DOI
  66. Pless, N.M.; Maak, T.; Stahl, G.K. Developing responsible global leaders through international service-learning programs: The Ulysses experience. Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ. 2011, 10, 237-260.
  67. Jordan, K.L. The Relationship of Service Learning and College Student Development. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA, 1994.
  68. Levesque-Bristol, C.; Knapp, T.D.; Fisher, B.J. The effectiveness of service-learning: It's not always what you think. J. Exp. Educ. 2011, 33, 208-224. [CrossRef] · DOI
  69. Potthoff, D.E.; Dinsmore, J.A.; Stirtz, G.; Walsh, T.; Ziebarth, J.; Eifler, K. Preparing for democracy and diversity: The impact of a community-based field experience on preservice teachers' knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Act. Teach. Educ. 2000, 22, 79-92. [CrossRef] · DOI
  70. Hanks, R.S.; Icenogle, M. Preparing for an age-diverse workforce: Intergenerational service-learning in social gerontology and business curricula. Educ. Gerontol. 2001, 27, 49-70.
  71. Abes, E.S.; Jackson, G.; Jones, S.R. Factors that motivate and deter faculty use of service-learning. Mich. J. Community Serv. Learn. 2002, 9, 5-17.
  72. Yeh, T.L. Service-learning and persistence of low-income, first-generation college students: An exploratory study. Mich. J. Community Serv. Learn. 2010, 16, 50-65.
  73. Rosenberger, C. Beyond empathy: Developing critical consciousness through service learning. In Integrating Service Learning and Multicultural Education in Colleges and Universities; O'Grady, C.R., Ed.; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 39-60.
  74. Sedlak, C.A.; Doheny, M.O.; Panthofer, N.; Anaya, E. Critical thinking in students' service-learning experiences. Coll. Teach. 2003, 51, 99-104. [CrossRef] · DOI
  75. Steinke, P.; Buresh, S. Cognitive outcomes of service-learning: Reviewing the past and glimpsing the future. Mich. J. Community Serv. Learn. 2002, 8, 5-14.
  76. Greenleaf, R.K. Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness; Paulist Press: New York, NY, USA, 1977.
  77. Bass, B.M. Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations; Free Press: New York, NY, USA, 1985.
  78. Sabbaghi, O.; Cavanagh, G.F.; Hipskind, T. Service-Learning and Leadership: Evidence from Teaching Financial Literary. J. Bus. Ethics 2013, 118, 127-137. [CrossRef] · DOI
  79. Knight, D.; Moser, S.; Groh, C. Service Learning as a Component of Physician Assistant Education: The Development of a Compassionate Practitioner. J. Phys. Assist. Educ. 2007, 18, 49-52. [CrossRef] · DOI
  80. Groh, C.J.; Stallwood, L.G.; Daniels, J. Service-Learning in Nursing Education: Its Impact on Leadership and Social Justice. Nurs. Educ. Perspect. 2011, 32, 400-405. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  81. Hoover, K.; Douglas, M. Learning servant leadership and identifying community-based strategies in time of divide: A student, faculty, community partner interfaith collaboration. J. Leadersh. Educ. 2018, 17, 83-91. [CrossRef] · DOI
  82. Polk, D.M. Cultivating Self-Awareness with Team-Teaching: Connections between Classroom Learning and Experiential Learning. J. Leadersh. Educ. 2013, 12, 122-135. [CrossRef] · DOI
  83. Batchelder, T.H.; Root, S. Effects of an undergraduate program to integrate academic learning and service: Cognitive, prosocial cognitive, and identity outcomes. J. Adolesc. 1994, 17, 341-355. [CrossRef] · DOI
  84. Chang, S.P.; Anagnostopoulos, D.; Omae, H. The multidimensionality of multicultural service learning: The variable effects of social identity, context and pedagogy on pre-service teachers' learning. Teach. Teach. Educ. 2011, 27, 1078-1089. [CrossRef] · DOI
  85. Bringle, R.G.; Hatcher, J.A. A service-learning curriculum for faculty. Mich. J. Community Serv. Learn. 1995, 2, 112-122.
  86. Billig, S.H. Research on K-12 school-based service-learning: The evidence builds. Phi Delta Kappan 2000, 81, 658-664.
  87. Hebert, A.; Hauf, P. Student learning through service learning: Effects on academic development, civic responsibility, interpersonal skills and practical skills. Act. Learn. High. Educ. 2015, 16, 37-49. [CrossRef] · DOI
  88. Tucker, M.L.; McCarthy, A.M.; Hoxmeier, J.A.; Lenk, M.M. Community service learning increases communication skills across the business curriculum. Bus. Commun. Q. 1998, 61, 88-99. [CrossRef] 100. Le Grange, L. The 'theoretical foundations' of community service-learning: From taproots to rhizomes. Educ. Chang. 2007, 11, 3-13. [CrossRef] 101. Backhaus-Maul, H.; Roth, C. Service Learning an Hochschulen in Deutschland. Ein erster empirischer Beitrag zur Vermessung eines jungen Phänomens; Springer: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2013. 102. Backhaus-Maul, H.; Ebert, O.; Frei, N.; Roth, C.; Stattler, C. Service Learning Mit Internationalen Studierenden: Konzeption, Erfahrungen und Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten; Beltz Juventa: Weinheim, Germany, 2015. 103. Speck, K.; Backhaus-Maul, H.; Reichenau, J. Wissenschaftliche Evaluation des Programms Service Learning-Schule gestaltet Gemeinwesen im Land Sachsen-Anhalt; Universität Potsdam & Universität Halle-Wittenberg: Potsdam, Germany, 2007. 104. Witzel, A. The problem-centered interview. Forum Qual. Soc. Res. 2000, 1, Art. 22. 105. · DOI
  89. Delamont, S. (Ed.) Handbook of Qualitative Research in Education; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2012. 108. O'Donoghue, T.; Punch, K. (Eds.) Qualitative Educational Research in Action: Doing and Reflecting; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2003. 109.
  90. Prengel, A.; Friebertshäuser, B.; Langer, A. Perspektiven qualitativer Forschung in der Erziehungswissenschaft- eine Einführung. In Handbuch Qualitative Forschungsmethoden in der Erziehungswissenschaft; Friebertshäuser, B., Langer, A., Prengel, A., Eds.; Beltz Juventa: Weinheim, Germany, 2010; pp. 17-43. 110.
  91. Kolenko, T.A.; Porter, G.; Wheatley, W.; Colby, M. A critique of service learning projects in management education: Pedagogical foundations, barriers, and guidelines. J. Bus. Ethics 1996, 15, 133-142. [CrossRef] 125. Marullo, S.; Moayedi, R.; Cooke, D.C. Wright Mills's friendly critique of service learning and an innovative response: Cross-institutional collaborations for community-based research. Teach. Sociol. 2009, 37, 61-75. [CrossRef] 126. Melchior, A.; Bailis, L.N. Impact of service-learning on civic attitudes and behaviors of middle and high school youth: Findings from three national evaluations. In Advances in Service-Learning Research: Volume 1. Service-Learning: The Essence of Pedagogy; · DOI
  92. Furco, A., Billig, S.H., Eds.; Information Age: Greenwich, CT, USA, 2002; pp. 201-222. 127.
  93. Butin, D.W. The limits of service-learning in higher education. Rev. High. Educ. 2006, 29, 473-498. [CrossRef] · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Halberstadt, J., Schank, C., Euler, M., & Harms, R.
Affiliations
  • University of Vechta (DE)
  • PFH Private University of Applied Sciences (DE)
  • University of Twente (NL)
Corresponding author
Harms, Rainer
ORCID
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-02-26
Volume
11
Issue
5
Pages
1217
ISSN
2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/su11051217
OpenAlex
W2917638674
Cited by
65
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5
FWCI
18.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (acceptedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Migros Kulturprozent (will be given later)
  • Schweizerische Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft (will be given later)
  • Stiftung Mercator Schweiz (will be given later)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Education › Sustainability in Higher Education
  • Social Sciences › Education › Service-Learning and Community Engagement
Keywords
sustainable entrepreneurship, service-learning, entrepreneurship education

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review