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A Parametric Study on a Diesel Engine Fuelled Using Waste Cooking Oil Blended with Al2O3 Nanoparticle—Performance, Emission, and Combustion Characteristics
Open accessAbstract
As the environment is humiliated at a disturbing rate, most governments have persistent calls following global energy policies for the utilization of biofuels. This paper essentially examines the portrayal investigations of fatty acid methyl esters and fatty acid pentyl esters obtained from palm oil. The characterization studies such as gas chromatogram, mass spectrometry, and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry have been performed to study biodiesel’s chemical composition. This article likewise shows biodiesel’s physiochemical properties and concentrates on biodiesel blends’ hypothetical combustion properties with Al2O3 nanoparticles. The spectroscopic investigations demonstrate the contiguity of eight methyl esters and five pentyl esters prevalently of palmitic acid, oleic acid, octanoic acid, and stearic acid. The esters’ nearness was additionally affirmed by the FTIR range, where the peaks in the scope of 1700 cm−1 to 1600 cm−1 can be observed. Looking at the thermophysical properties of the mixes with that of the base diesel fuel yielded the compromising results by giving the comparative density to that of the diesel fuel. The palm oil biodiesel’s calorific value is, by all accounts, diminished by 10% when contrasted with diesel fuel. The addition of the nanoparticles up to 1 g has raised the calorific value most closely to the diesel’s value. Correspondingly, the theoretical burning examinations have demonstrated the limit of biodiesel to go about as an option compared to consistent diesel in the conventional DI–CI engine. This article talks about the combustion attributes of the blend containing 60% diesel, 20% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), and 20% fatty acid pentyl ester (FAPE) with aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles at two distinctive concentrations. This article primarily concerns the inquiry of combustion criterion, such as in-chamber pressure variation, rate of heat release, start of combustion, end of combustion, and ignition delay for considered fuel blends when contrasted with neat diesel fuel in a four-stroke, direct-injection, single-cylinder diesel engine. The results showed a decrease in in-cylinder pressure at all loads of engine operation for biodiesel blends when compared with neat diesel, irrespective of the nanoparticle concentration. Biodiesel blends at all nanoparticle concentrations showed an increase in ignition delay compared with diesel fuels at all engine operation loads. The performance results show a slight deterioration in the engine’s thermal efficiency using biodiesel blends, irrespective of the nanoparticle concentration. Additionally, the emissions show a considerable fall in trends for all loads in contrast with diesel fuel.
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The consumption of UCO for biofuels surged between 2011 and 2020, driven partly by policy incentives like double counting, significantly increasing reliance on imports, primarily from Asia, raising concerns about feedstock costs, traceability, and potential fraud.
“Specifically, the consumption of UCO for biofuels surged between 2011 and 2020, driven partly by policy incentives like double counting, but this has significantly increased the reliance on imports, primarily from Asia, raising concerns about feedstock costs, traceability, and potential fraud [260,261].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [261]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe EU's consumption of used cooking oil (UCO) has significantly increased its reliance on imports, primarily from Asia, raising concerns about feedstock costs and traceability.
“This global dynamic is also reflected in feedstock markets, where policy incentives in one region can drive global trade; for example, the EU's consumption of used cooking oil (UCO) has significantly increased its reliance on imports, primarily from Asia, raising concerns about feedstock costs and traceability [10,260,261].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [261]
The Introduction and Conclusions discuss using UCO to produce biodiesel, while Future Research mentions manufacturing costs. Searches for EU imports, Asia, feedstock costs, and traceability found no passage addressing the claimed trade pattern or its consequences; the available copy is not truncated. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Ponnusamy, M., Ramani, B., & Sathyamruthy, R.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India
- Corresponding author
- Ponnusamy, Muruganantham
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-06-26
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 7195
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3175177234
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 0.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Biodiesel Production and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- palm oil biodiesel, fatty acid methyl esters, Al2O3 nanoparticles, diesel engine performance, engine emissions, combustion characteristics, ignition delay, in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, thermal efficiency, physicochemical properties of biodiesel, calorific value, direct injection diesel engine, biofuels
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