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Acute Ecotoxicity Potential of Untreated Tannery Wastewater Release in Arequipa, Southern Peru

Tejada-Meza, Kevin, Arenazas-Rodríguez, Armando, Garcia-Chevesich, Pablo A., Flores-Farfan, Carmen, Morales-Paredes, Lino, Romero-Mariscal, Giuliana, Ticona-Quea, Juana, Vanzin, Gary, Sharp, Jonathan O.·2023·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su152115240
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Abstract

The centralized Rio Seco Industrial Park (RSIP) tannery collective in the Southern Peruvian city of Arequipa releases untreated tannery wastewater into a proximal creek that is a tributary of the Chili River. As industrial leather tanning wastewater contains high concentrations of metal(loid)s, salts, dyes, and organics, this complex mixture could exert a myriad of toxicological effects on the surrounding ecosystem. The RSIP effluent was analyzed to quantify the acute ecotoxicity and ecotoxicological status of this untreated industrial wastewater at multiple trophic levels with the following bioindicators: the floating macrophyte Lemna minor, invertebrates Daphnia magna and Physa venustula, and the amphibian Xenopus laevis. A physicochemical characterization of the RSIP effluent revealed a highly contaminated waste stream. In addition to chromium (10.4 ± 0.4 mg/L) and other toxic metals, the water harbored extremely high concentrations of total dissolved solids (67,770 ± 15,600 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (1530 ± 290 mg/L) and total nitrogen (490 ± 10 mg/L). The toxicological responses of certain bioindicator species tested were evaluated after exposure to 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5% untreated tannery wastewater blended with dechlorinated tap water. L. minor experienced a significant decrease in the number of fronds, wet weight, and dry weight at the lowest blended wastewater of 1.5%. Bioassays with D. magna showed the effect on neonatal mortality with a calculated LC50 of 1.1% for 48 h. Bioassays with P. venustula embryos showed high sensitivity to diluted effluent with complete mortality at 3.0% wastewater and above. Finally, X. laevis showed a high sensitivity to the dilutions with an LC50 of 1.6 for embryos and 1.8% for tadpoles. Although RSIP wastewater contains many potentially toxic components, chromium and total dissolved solids, with a major contribution from sodium, are best correlated with acute toxicity variables. This suggests that conductivity or analogous measurements could provide a rapid and affordable forensic tool to query acute ecosystem pressures. Collectively, the results indicate that the release of untreated tannery wastewater from RSIP can exert pronounced acute impacts across trophic levels with the need for treatment or dilution to below 1% of total flow. As the assays addressed acute toxicity, the necessary treatment and/or dilution to mitigate chronic effects is likely much lower. In conclusion, untreated RSIP tannery wastewaters represent an ecological risk to downstream aquatic ecosystems; this needs to be addressed to prevent current and future environmental consequences.

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  • While Tejada-Meza et al. reported that the pH of the RSIP's tannery effluents was 8.2 ± 0.4 during their analysis window, this may not be constant because of the changing quality (color/smell) of the surface water effluent observed by our team during the field visit, most likely a result of upstream dumping.

    “While Tejada-Meza et al. [33] reported that the pH of the RSIP's tannery effluents was 8.2 ± 0.4 during their analysis window, this may not be constant because of the changing quality (color/smell) of the surface water effluent observed by our team during the field visit (see Section 1 for details), most likely a result of upstream dumping.”

    From Chromium Remediation from Tannery Wastewater in Arequipa, Peru: Local Experiences and Prospects for Sustainable Solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [33]

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  • The average total Cr content in the RSIP effluent was above 10 mg/L, with a flow estimate of 31 L/s at the time of the visit.

    “As reported by Tejada-Meza et al. [33], the average total Cr content in this effluent was above 10 mg/L, with a flow estimate of 31 L/s at the time of the visit.”

    From Chromium Remediation from Tannery Wastewater in Arequipa, Peru: Local Experiences and Prospects for Sustainable Solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [33]

    Section 3.1 reports chromium at 10.4 ± 0.4 mg Cr/L in the RSIP effluent, supporting the claim that its average exceeded 10 mg/L. Section 4.3 describes a flow of approximately 30 L/s, not 31 L/s, and does not tie that estimate to the time of a visit. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Source waters in a tributary to the Chili River that transits through RSIP exceeded Peru's maximum contaminant limit of 0.5 mg/L for total Cr.

    “These source waters exceeded Peru's maximum contaminant limits (MCLs) of 0.5 mg/L [34], which were established for surface water effluents from industrial sectors such as materials manufacturing, beverage industries, and tanneries.”

    From Chromium Remediation from Tannery Wastewater in Arequipa, Peru: Local Experiences and Prospects for Sustainable Solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [33]

    Section 4.1 reports 10.4 ± 0.4 mg/L total chromium in the sampled RSIP effluent and says it exceeds Peru’s maximum admissible concentration. The Abstract identifies the receiving creek as a tributary of the Chili River. The paper does not establish a 0.5 mg/L limit or report that chromium in the tributary’s source waters, rather than the sampled effluent, exceeded it. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Tejada-Meza et al.'s findings on adverse effects of RSIP's tannery wastewaters on bioindicator species reinforce concerns about Cr pollution.

    “Tejada-Meza et al.'s [33] recent findings on the adverse effects of RSIP's tannery wastewaters on bioindicator species reinforce these concerns.”

    From Chromium Remediation from Tannery Wastewater in Arequipa, Peru: Local Experiences and Prospects for Sustainable Solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [33]

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Metadata

Authors
Tejada-Meza, K., Arenazas-Rodríguez, A., Garcia-Chevesich, P. A., Flores-Farfan, C., Morales-Paredes, L., Romero-Mariscal, G., Ticona-Quea, J., Vanzin, G., & Sharp, J. O.
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-10-25
Volume
15
Issue
21
Pages
15240
ISSN
2071-1050
DOI
10.3390/su152115240
Cited by
15
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Center for Mining Sustainability

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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