CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 8Chromium effects and bioremediationEnvironmental remediation with nanomaterialsAdsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 120 of the 121 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 23 of the 162 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Chromium Remediation from Tannery Wastewater in Arequipa, Peru: Local Experiences and Prospects for Sustainable Solutions

Open access
Morales-Paredes, Lino F., Garcia-Chevesich, Pablo A., Romero-Mariscal, Giuliana, Arenazas-Rodriguez, Armando, Ticona-Quea, Juana, Tejada-Purizaca, Teresa R., Vanzin, Gary, Sharp, Jonathan O.·2025·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su17031183
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The release of tannery wastewater contributes to chromium (Cr) pollution globally. Herein, we conduct a novel consolidation of research from the Arequipa region of southern Peru that integrates university theses written in Spanish alongside peer-reviewed journal articles. The objective is to provide a place-based complement to existing research in English scientific journals focused on effective tools for Cr treatment from tannery wastewater. Our consolidation categorized a total of 75 publications (70 theses and five peer-reviewed) into five distinct strategies for Cr treatment: adsorption (twenty-three studies), phytoremediation (eighteen studies), bioremediation (thirteen studies), electrocoagulation (five studies), and other techniques (fifteen studies). This synthesis highlighted potentially promising approaches that could be sustainably tailored to regional resources and waste products. This includes sorptive materials derived from food waste such as native achiote peels (B. orellana) and avocado seeds (P. americana) either used directly or as a feedstock for biochar. Other technologies include phytoremediation using microalgae and resident vascular plants and microbial bioremediation that capitalizes on indigenous bacteria and fungi. Promise was also discerned in studies that incorporated a combination of abiotic and biotic mechanisms tailored toward the region, such as infiltration using selective and bioactive materials, wetlands, solar distillation, iron-based coagulation and flocculation, and bioreactors. These findings provide a sustainable complement to prior global investigations for effective attenuation strategies by adding novel materials and techniques that could be further explored to assess the viability of implementation at pilot and larger scales. These promising technologies and the ability to tailor sustainable treatments toward local resources highlight the opportunity to prioritize the treatment of tannery wastewater to ensure a cleaner environment by informing policy makers, academics, and industry on technologies that could be adopted for implementation in the region.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This place-based synthesis consolidates 75 publications (70 Spanish-language theses and five peer-reviewed articles) on chromium removal from tannery wastewater in the Arequipa region of southern Peru, categorizing them into five treatment strategies. It identifies locally available, waste-derived sorbents and nature-based approaches as promising, sustainable options while noting that inconsistent reporting prevents direct comparison of removal efficiencies.

Key findings

  • Of 75 publications, strategies broke down as adsorption (23 studies), phytoremediation (18), bioremediation (13), electrocoagulation (5), and other techniques (15); 38 experiments targeted total Cr (CrT), 48 targeted Cr(VI), and 12 targeted Cr(III) (98 experiments total, as some studied more than one species).
  • Reported removals included ~98% Cr(VI) by the macrophyte *I. cernua* in 5 days, 99% Cr(VI) by olive seed in 30 min, Cr(VI) to below detection by achiote peel in 5 min and avocado seed in 15 min, 89% total Cr (34.8 to 3.82 mg/L) by *C. aquaticus*, 96% Cr(III) by *Penicillium* sp. (99% when combined with microalgae, zeolite, and activated carbon), and 99% CrT by a bio-sand filter in 46 min.
  • Adsorption results trended toward greater effectiveness under acidic conditions (pH 1.1–6; R² = 0.99 for CrT, 0.50 for Cr(VI), 0.99 for Cr(III)), whereas infiltration-type studies trended toward higher efficiency at higher pH (R² = 0.20 for Cr(VI), 0.94 for CrT).
  • Field context: the April 2023 RSIP effluent averaged above 10 mg/L total Cr at an estimated 31 L/s, exceeding Peru's 0.5 mg/L MCL for total Cr (and 0.1 mg/L for Cr(VI)); sediments at RSIP and the Aashuayco Ravine ranged 3750–9220 mg/kg against a 1000 mg/kg MCL.

Methods

  • Design: a novel consolidation of regional research integrating Spanish-language university theses with peer-reviewed journal articles, intended as a place-based complement to English-language global reviews.
  • Data: 75 publications (70 theses — 9 graduate, 61 undergraduate — and five peer-reviewed articles) on Cr removal from tannery wastewater in Arequipa, identified through Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science; theses came largely from Chemistry/Chemical Engineering (21%) and Environmental Engineering (25%), followed by Biology (15%), Biotechnology (11%), and Pharmacy (8%).
  • Analysis: studies were categorized into five treatment groups, with removal percentages, pH, temperature, treatment time, and particle size tabulated and compared qualitatively and via regression against pH; a field visit to RSIP effluent was conducted in April 2023.

Limitations

  • Stated by the paper: there was no consistent approach across studies regarding pH, temperature, or treatment time, making direct comparisons of removal efficiency and rates challenging; authors preferred reporting percent removal rather than mass-normalized units (e.g., mg/kg) or adsorption isotherms, hindering global benchmarking; only six phytoremediation studies documented both Cr removal and pH; the small number of electrocoagulation studies (five) made pH patterns hard to discern; and 2023–2024 publications (four and one, respectively) were not formally tallied due to lag between thesis completion and repository availability.
  • Evident from the text: several key results rest on single studies or small numbers of theses, many of which are not peer-reviewed; costs of transporting and applying waste-derived sorbents are "currently unknown"; and the synthesis is region-specific, so the authors frame findings as trajectories for further pilot-scale testing rather than demonstrated implementations.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/su17031183

Cites

120 of 120 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

23 of 162 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    When not properly treated, the discharge of tannery wastewater results in elevated levels of Cr in the receiving waters.

    “When not properly treated, the discharge of tannery wastewater results in elevated levels of Cr in the receiving waters [3].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Ghezzi, L., Mugnaioli, E., Perchiazzi, N., Duce, C., Pelosi, C., Zamponi, E., Pollastri, S., Campanella, B., Onor, M., and Abdellatief, M. (2023). Hexavalent chromium release over time from a pyrolyzed Cr-bearing tannery sludge. Sci. Rep., 13. source

      The Introduction states that excess chromium remains in tanning liquor and is usually removed by treatment. It does not say that discharge of inadequately treated tannery wastewater raises chromium levels in receiving waters; the paper studies chromium release from treated sludge instead. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.79)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Source waters in a tributary to the Chili River that transits through RSIP exceeded Peru's maximum contaminant limit of 0.5 mg/L for total Cr.

    “These source waters exceeded Peru's maximum contaminant limits (MCLs) of 0.5 mg/L [34], which were established for surface water effluents from industrial sectors such as materials manufacturing, beverage industries, and tanneries.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [29] 2017, Estudio de la contaminación por cromo (Cr) en el río Chili y Parque Industrial Río Seco (PIRS), Arequipa, Perú. 2015–2016, Veritas
    • cites [33] Tejada-Meza, K., Arenazas-Rodríguez, A., Garcia-Chevesich, P.A., Flores-Farfan, C., Morales-Paredes, L., Romero-Mariscal, G., Ticona-Quea, J., Vanzin, G., and Sharp, J.O. (2023). Acute Ecotoxicity Potential of Untreated Tannery Wastewater Release in Arequipa, Southern Peru. Sustainability, 15. source

      Section 4.1 reports 10.4 ± 0.4 mg/L total chromium in the sampled RSIP effluent and says it exceeds Peru’s maximum admissible concentration. The Abstract identifies the receiving creek as a tributary of the Chili River. The paper does not establish a 0.5 mg/L limit or report that chromium in the tributary’s source waters, rather than the sampled effluent, exceeded it. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [34] (2025, January 22). DS 010-2023-MINAM. [Ministerio del Medio Ambiente] Aprueban los Límites Máximos Permisibles para Efluentes de las Actividades de Curtido y Adobo de Cuero, Así Como Adobo y Teñido de Pieles. Available online: https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minam/normas-legales/4561259-010-2023-minam.
  • Premisecitation

    Tejada-Meza et al.'s findings on adverse effects of RSIP's tannery wastewaters on bioindicator species reinforce concerns about Cr pollution.

    “Tejada-Meza et al.'s [33] recent findings on the adverse effects of RSIP's tannery wastewaters on bioindicator species reinforce these concerns.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Tejada-Meza, K., Arenazas-Rodríguez, A., Garcia-Chevesich, P.A., Flores-Farfan, C., Morales-Paredes, L., Romero-Mariscal, G., Ticona-Quea, J., Vanzin, G., and Sharp, J.O. (2023). Acute Ecotoxicity Potential of Untreated Tannery Wastewater Release in Arequipa, Southern Peru. Sustainability, 15. source
  • Premisecitation

    Bejarano-Meza et al. used magnetic iron-based nanoparticles synthesized with O. europea bone extract to remove nearly all detectable Cr(VI) from RSIP's tannery effluents.

    “Finally, Bejarano-Meza et al. [45] used magnetic iron-based nanoparticles synthesized with O. europea bone extract to remove nearly all detectable Cr(VI) from RSIP's tannery effluents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Bejarano-Meza, M., Deza-Carrasco, F.E., Salinas-Herrera, S., Flores-Calla, S., and Jimenez-Pacheco, H.G. (2024). Evaluation of Cr(VI) Removal from Tanning Effluents Using Magnetic Nanoparticles of Fe3O4 Synthesized with Olea europaea Bone Extract. Molecules, 29. source

      The Experimental Procedure (§3.1) says the effluent samples came from a tannery in Río Seco Industrial Park. The Introduction describes synthesis using Olea europaea bone extract, and Results (§2.4) reports Cr(VI) removal of 85% from tanning effluent and 100% from retanning effluent. Thus, “nearly all” overstates the result for the tanning sample. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    The locally cultivated microalga species D. quadricauda was not previously documented in the international literature for Cr removal from tannery wastewater.

    “The locally cultivated microalga species D. quadricauda [67] was not previously documented in the international literature for this application, as summarized in the literature review on microalgal applications toward contaminant remediation by Jácome-Pilco et al. [164].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [67] Paredes Arenazas, W.G. (2021). Determinación de la Bioabsorción de Cromo VI de Efluentes del Parque Industrial de Rio Seco (PIRS) Mediante la Microalga Desmodesmus quadricauda. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica Santa María].
    • cites [164] Ballesteros, 2021, Microalgas en el tratamiento de aguas residuales generadas en industrias de curtiembres, Ciencia y Tecnología source

      The sections “Géneros y especies de microalgas en la industria de curtiembres” and “Remoción de cromo hexavalente y total (Cr)” discuss other microalgae used for chromium removal, but do not mention D. quadricauda. Searches for its name and for a statement that its use was previously undocumented found no such passage. A review’s omission of a species does not establish its absence from the international literature; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 29
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 60
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    While Tejada-Meza et al. reported that the pH of the RSIP's tannery effluents was 8.2 ± 0.4 during their analysis window, this may not be constant because of the changing quality (color/smell) of the surface water effluent observed by our team during the field visit, most likely a result of upstream dumping.

    “While Tejada-Meza et al. [33] reported that the pH of the RSIP's tannery effluents was 8.2 ± 0.4 during their analysis window, this may not be constant because of the changing quality (color/smell) of the surface water effluent observed by our team during the field visit (see Section 1 for details), most likely a result of upstream dumping.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Tejada-Meza, K., Arenazas-Rodríguez, A., Garcia-Chevesich, P.A., Flores-Farfan, C., Morales-Paredes, L., Romero-Mariscal, G., Ticona-Quea, J., Vanzin, G., and Sharp, J.O. (2023). Acute Ecotoxicity Potential of Untreated Tannery Wastewater Release in Arequipa, Southern Peru. Sustainability, 15. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 2 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The release of tannery wastewater contributes to chromium pollution globally.

    “The release of tannery wastewater contributes to chromium (Cr) pollution globally.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] Arti, 2023, Analysis of heavy metals and toxicity level in the tannery effluent and the environs, Environ. Monit. Assess. source
    • cites [3] Ghezzi, L., Mugnaioli, E., Perchiazzi, N., Duce, C., Pelosi, C., Zamponi, E., Pollastri, S., Campanella, B., Onor, M., and Abdellatief, M. (2023). Hexavalent chromium release over time from a pyrolyzed Cr-bearing tannery sludge. Sci. Rep., 13. source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says chromium tanning is used in more than 80% of global leather production, that excess chromium remains in tanning liquor, and that leather manufacturing poses environmental threats. It does not say that tannery wastewater is released or that such releases cause chromium pollution globally; its focus is chromium-bearing sludge. (LLM, conf=0.79)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Chromium bioaccumulates in animal tissues and organs.

    “and bioaccumulates in animal tissues and organs [7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Tejada-Purizaca, T.R., Garcia-Chevesich, P.A., Ticona-Quea, J., Martínez, G., Martínez, K., Morales-Paredes, L., Romero-Mariscal, G., Arenazas-Rodríguez, A., Vanzin, G., and Sharp, J.O. (2024). Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Peruvian Food and Medicinal Products. Foods, 13. source

      Section 2.3 reports chromium among the metals analyzed in river fish, and describes metal bioaccumulation in fish tissues and organs. It does not establish specifically that chromium bioaccumulates in animal organs; its organ-specific examples concern other metals. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Nanotechnology is a common method used to treat Cr from wastewater, but only two studies used this technique in Arequipa.

    “Nanotechnology, for example, is a common method used to treat Cr from wastewater [113,117,118], but only two studies [100,110] used this technique in Arequipa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [113] Mitra, 2017, Removal of chromium from industrial effluents using nanotechnology: A review, Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng. source
    • cites [117] Njimou, 2025, Eco-friendly chitin-MnO2-alginate nanobiocomposite spheres for enhanced heavy metal removal from wastewater: Inorganic chemistry communications, Inorg. Chem. Commun. source
    • cites [118] Xing, 2022, A comprehensive review on emerging natural and tailored materials for chromium-contaminated water treatment and environmental remediation, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. source
    • cites [100] Ruiz Marcelo, M. (2018). Eficiencia de Nanopartículas de Magnetita en la Reducción del Cromo Hexavalente a Cromo Trivalente en el Suelo del Parque Industrial de Río Seco (PIRS), Cerro Colorado–Arequipa. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Cesar Vallejo]. source
    • cites [110] Tejada Dongo, P. (2017). Síntesis Por Método Anternativo “Verde” de Nanopartículas de Cu a Traves de Extracto Acuoso de Subproductos Industriales de Vitis vinifera L.(Uva) y Su Inmovilización en Memebranas de PVC y Determinacipon de Su Capacidad para la Adsorción de Cr (VI). [Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad Católica de Santa María].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The average total Cr content in the RSIP effluent was above 10 mg/L, with a flow estimate of 31 L/s at the time of the visit.

    “As reported by Tejada-Meza et al. [33], the average total Cr content in this effluent was above 10 mg/L, with a flow estimate of 31 L/s at the time of the visit.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Tejada-Meza, K., Arenazas-Rodríguez, A., Garcia-Chevesich, P.A., Flores-Farfan, C., Morales-Paredes, L., Romero-Mariscal, G., Ticona-Quea, J., Vanzin, G., and Sharp, J.O. (2023). Acute Ecotoxicity Potential of Untreated Tannery Wastewater Release in Arequipa, Southern Peru. Sustainability, 15. source

      Section 3.1 reports chromium at 10.4 ± 0.4 mg Cr/L in the RSIP effluent, supporting the claim that its average exceeded 10 mg/L. Section 4.3 describes a flow of approximately 30 L/s, not 31 L/s, and does not tie that estimate to the time of a visit. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Particular highlights for Cr removal included solar distillation, magnetic iron nanoparticles, artificial wetlands, iron-based coagulation-incorporating polymers, and infiltration systems.

    “Particular highlights for Cr removal included solar distillation [99], magnetic iron nanoparticles [100], artificial wetlands [101], iron-based coagulation-incorporating polymers [102], and infiltration systems [30,103,104].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [99] Anahua Apaza, Z.J., and Pacheco Gonzáles, W.Y. (2021). Sistema de Destilación Por Concentración Solar para la Remoción del Cr+6 de Los Efluentes de Curtiembres en Arequipa, Río Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Cesar Vallejo].
    • cites [100] Ruiz Marcelo, M. (2018). Eficiencia de Nanopartículas de Magnetita en la Reducción del Cromo Hexavalente a Cromo Trivalente en el Suelo del Parque Industrial de Río Seco (PIRS), Cerro Colorado–Arequipa. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Cesar Vallejo]. source
    • cites [101] Lima Coasaca, R. (2021). Efecto del Tiempo de Retención hidrÁulico (TRH) Sobre un Sistema de Humedales Artificiales (Flujo Subsuperficial+ Flujo Superficial) Plantados Con Scirpus americanus, Elecharis montevidensis e Hydrocotyle bonariensis para Tratamiento de Efluentes Brutos. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Promising examples included the microalgae D. quadricauda, Chlorella sp., and Espirulina sp., and the vascular plants I. cernua and N. aquaticum.

    “Promising examples included the microalgae D. quadricauda [67], Chlorella sp., and Espirulina sp.[68], and the vascular plants I. cernua and N. aquaticum [40,67].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [67] Paredes Arenazas, W.G. (2021). Determinación de la Bioabsorción de Cromo VI de Efluentes del Parque Industrial de Rio Seco (PIRS) Mediante la Microalga Desmodesmus quadricauda. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica Santa María].
    • cites [68] Sumalave Cutire, C.L. (2022). Biosorción de Cromo de Efluentes de la Industria Textil Mediante el Uso de Microalgas en la Ciudad de Arequipa. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Cesar Vallejo].
    • cites [40] Huerta Alata, M., Alvarez-Risco, A., Torres, L.S., Moran, K., Pilares, D., Carling, G., Paredes, B., Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S., and Yáñez, J.A. (2023). Evaluation of Environmental Contamination by Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils and Their Health Risks in the City of Arequipa, Peru. Sustainability, 15. source

      The Method of Analysis (§2.2) describes measurements in agricultural soil, and the References include a study of aquatic macrophytes, but neither passage identifies I. cernua or N. aquaticum as promising examples. Searches for those names and the listed microalgae found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    The pH values tested in phytoremediation studies, when available, correspond to neutral conditions, which may facilitate plant growth.

    “Furthermore, it is pertinent to note that the pH values tested, when available, correspond to neutral conditions, which may facilitate plant growth [69].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Kaiwen, 2020, Effects of salt concentration, pH, and their interaction on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and photochemistry of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaves, Plant Signal. Behav. source

      The available copy contains a Results and analysis heading for plant growth (section 2.1), but no findings or tested pH values. Searches for neutral pH, pH 7, and growth under neutral versus alkaline conditions returned only headings and links, so the copy does not establish whether neutral conditions facilitated growth or characterize pH values in phytoremediation studies. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Several global reviews on how different techniques are used to treat CrT, Cr(III), and/or Cr(VI) from tannery wastewaters already exist.

    “Several global reviews on how different techniques are used to treat CrT, Cr(III), and/or Cr(VI) from tannery wastewaters already exist [111][112][113][114][115][116].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [111] Alam, 2020, An overview of chromium removal techniques from tannery effluent, Appl. Water Sci. source
    • cites [112] Owlad, 2009, Removal of hexavalent chromium-contaminated water and wastewater: A review, Water Air Soil Pollut. source
    • cites [113] Mitra, 2017, Removal of chromium from industrial effluents using nanotechnology: A review, Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng. source

      The Introduction reviews several techniques for removing Cr(VI) from industrial effluents, and “Chromium in industrial effluents” identifies tanneries as one source of those effluents (page numbers unavailable). The review is not specifically about tannery wastewater, and the cited passages do not establish treatment of total chromium (CrT) or Cr(III) as treatment targets. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    International studies provide a strong precedent for the need to further evaluate various treatment methods for tannery wastewaters, including coagulation and flocculation, electrochemical treatments, ion exchange, membrane filtration, electrodialysis, photocatalysis, and biological treatments.

    “International studies provide a strong precedent for the need to further evaluate various treatment methods for tannery wastewaters, including coagulation and flocculation, electrochemical treatments such as electro-flotation and electro-oxidation (distinct from electrocoagulation presented herein), ion exchange, membrane filtration, electrodialysis, photocatalysis, and biological treatments (e.g.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [111] Alam, 2020, An overview of chromium removal techniques from tannery effluent, Appl. Water Sci. source

      The Introduction lists membrane filtration, electro-flotation, electro-oxidation, ion exchange and electrodialysis for chromium removal from tannery wastewater. The Coagulation and flocculation section and Abstract also address coagulation/flocculation and biological processes. The passages do not establish photocatalysis as one of the reviewed tannery-wastewater treatments, so the full list is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [112] Owlad, 2009, Removal of hexavalent chromium-contaminated water and wastewater: A review, Water Air Soil Pollut. source
    • cites [113] Mitra, 2017, Removal of chromium from industrial effluents using nanotechnology: A review, Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng. source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) discusses membrane filtration and electrokinetic treatment of Cr(VI) in industrial effluents, and ‘Conventional processes for chromium remediation’ discusses electrochemical addition of iron and bacterial remediation. The paper therefore supports evaluating some treatment approaches, but its focus is chromium in industrial effluents, not tannery wastewater treatment generally; the cited passages do not support the full list, including coagulation and flocculation, electro-flotation, electro-oxidation, and electrodialysis. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [114] Kumar, 2021, A review on accessible techniques for removal of hexavalent chromium and divalent nickel from industrial wastewater: Recent research and future outlook, J. Clean. Prod. source
    • cites [115] GracePavithra, 2019, A review on cleaner strategies for chromium industrial wastewater: Present research and future perspective, J. Clean. Prod. source
    • cites [116] Whitacre, 2012, Strategies for chromium bioremediation of tannery effluent, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
    • cites [117] Njimou, 2025, Eco-friendly chitin-MnO2-alginate nanobiocomposite spheres for enhanced heavy metal removal from wastewater: Inorganic chemistry communications, Inorg. Chem. Commun. source
    • cites [118] Xing, 2022, A comprehensive review on emerging natural and tailored materials for chromium-contaminated water treatment and environmental remediation, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. source
    • cites [119] Ramakrishnaiah, 2012, Hexavalent chromium removal from industrial watsewater by chemical precipitation method, Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl.
    • cites [120] Peng, 2020, Removal of chromium from wastewater by membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology: A review, Environ. Chem. Lett. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Sorption applications can be tailored toward specific metals with capability for recovery, regeneration, and reuse, contributing to cost-effectiveness and providing a more environmentally benign alternative to chemical dosing.

    “They can be further tailored toward specific metals with the capability for recovery, regeneration, and reuse, which can contribute to cost-effectiveness and provide a more environmentally benign alternative to chemical dosing [127-131].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [127] Habineza, 2017, Heavy metal removal from wastewaters by agricultural waste low-cost adsorbents: Hindrances of adsorption technology to the large scale industrial application—A review, Desalin. Water Treat source

      The abstract (p. 1) describes agricultural-waste adsorbents as promising for heavy-metal removal and says the review covers biosorbent regeneration and desorption. It does not establish that sorption can be tailored to specific metals, that metals and adsorbents can be recovered and reused cost-effectively, or that it is environmentally preferable to chemical dosing. The abstract also says economic evaluations are missing. (LLM, conf=0.79)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [128] Ali, 2006, Advances in water treatment by adsorption technology, Nat. Protoc. source
    • cites [129] Rashid, 2021, A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: The effectiveness of adsorption method, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. source
    • cites [130] Fu, 2011, Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review, J. Environ. Manag. source
    • cites [131] Younas, F., Mustafa, A., Farooqi, Z.U.R., Wang, X., Younas, S., Mohy-Ud-Din, W., Hameed, M.A., Abrar, M.M., Maitlo, A.A., and Noreen, S. (2021). Current and emerging adsorbent technologies for wastewater treatment: Trends, limitations, and environmental implications. Water, 13. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Electrocoagulation presents several advantages for metal extraction from contaminated waters, notably high efficiency and rapid removal.

    “Electrocoagulation presents several advantages for metal extraction from contaminated waters, notably high efficiency, and rapid removal [202].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [202] Ruiz, 2005, La electrocoagulación: Una alternativa para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, Revista Lasallista de investigación

      The Electrocoagulación section says the process is used for wastewater containing chromium, lead, or mercury, and the advantages list describes high effectiveness across a broad range of contaminants. That list says the resulting flocs can be separated rapidly by filtration, but it does not establish rapid removal of metals specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    Fifteen additional studies implemented technologies that are less clearly linked into the above classifications.

    “Fifteen additional studies implemented technologies that are less clearly linked into the above classifications (Table 6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In April 2023, the research team observed RSIP effluent downstream of processing activities that changed colors over time and had an unpleasant smell.

    “In April 2023, our research team observed RSIP effluent downstream of processing activities.This tributary to the Chili River (Figure 1) is a small unlined surface water course that changed colors over time (from green to brown, most likely a reflection of upstream industrial dumping), with an unpleasant smell.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The published university theses related to Cr removal applied to wastewater from tanneries increased in number within the last decade with a potential lull during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

    “The published university theses related to Cr removal applied to wastewater from tanneries increased in number within the last decade with a potential lull during and after the COVID-19 pandemic (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Both microalgae and vascular plants showed a high propensity to remove Cr from polluted tannery wastewater.

    “Both microalgae (Table 3a) and vascular plants (Table 3b) showed a high propensity to remove Cr from polluted tannery wastewater.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    All adsorption experiments were conducted under acidic conditions with a pH between 1.1 and 6, which is lower than what was found using other treatment methods or reported by other studies conducted with RSIP tannery effluents.

    “Finally, it is worth noting that all these adsorption experiments were conducted under acidic conditions with a pH between 1.1 and 6), which is lower than what was found using other treatment methods, or than reported by other studies conducted with RSIP tannery effluents [31]).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] 2019, Concentración de metales pesados: Cromo, cadmio y plomo en los sedimentos superficiales en el río Coata, Perú, Rev. Boliv. Química

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    The most promising results, when considering both removal extent and treatment time, were obtained using the bacterium P. mirabilis or the fungus S. cerevisiae, which eliminated nearly 90% of Cr(VI) in 36 and 48 h, respectively.

    “The most promising results, when considering both removal extent and treatment time, were obtained using the bacterium P. mirabilis [86] or the fungus S. cerevisiae [91], which eliminated nearly 90% of Cr(VI) in 36 and 48 h, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [86] Chambi Mamani, C. (2021). Aislamiento e Identificación de Cepas Bacterianas Aisladas de Sitios Contaminados Con Efluentes de Curtiduría y Su Capacidad para Reducir CR (VI). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
    • cites [91] Fernandez Chiara, J.G., and Guzman Ponce, K.S. (2019). Bioadsorción de Cromo (VI) con Saccharomyces cerevisiae Inmovilizada, Como Residuo de la Elaboración de la Cerveza, para Su Aplicación en Biorremediación de Aguas Contaminadas de la Industria del Curtido. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    The limited number of electrocoagulation studies was conducted across a range of acidic pH values, which made it difficult to discern if there were any patterns between Cr removal and pH.

    “This limited number of studies was conducted across a range of acidic pH values, which made it difficult to discern if there were any patterns between Cr removal and pH.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    The peer-reviewed publications about Cr removal from tannery wastewater in Arequipa summarized in this paper are derived mostly from English journals.

    “However, the peer-reviewed publications about Cr removal from tannery wastewater in Arequipa summarized above are derived mostly from English journals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Of the 75 publications found in this synthesis, 38 experiments focused on treating total Cr, 48 on Cr(VI), and 12 on Cr(III) (98 experiments in total).

    “Of the total number of publications found in this synthesis (75), 38 experiments focused on treating total Cr (CrT), 48 on Cr(VI), and 12 on Cr(III) (98 experiments in total, as some studies analyzed more than one Cr species).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Laura and Salinas removed Cr(III) to below detection in 30 min and no clear effects from voltage, intensity, or time on pollutant removal capacity were detected.

    “Laura and Salinas [95] removed Cr(III) to BD in 30 min and no clear effects from voltage, intensity, or time on pollutant removal capacity were detected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] Laura Benavides, S.L., and Salinas Rondon, J.O. (2020). Eficiencia en la Remoción del Contenido de Cromo III por Electrocoagulación en Las Aguas Residuales de Curtiembre del Parque Industrial de Río Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Only six phytoremediation-based studies found in this synthesis documented both Cr removal (%) and pH, and no clear pattern was identified in terms of removal capacity and pH values (R2 = 0.14 for CrT).

    “Moreover, since only six phytoremediation-based studies found in this synthesis documented both Cr removal (%) and pH, no clear pattern was identified in terms of removal capacity and pH values (R 2 = 0.14 for CrT).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingreasoning

    Studies from Arequipa indicate that the acidity of treated tannery wastewater from RSIP can vary, likely due to a combination of upstream dumping practices and specific adjustments for treatment methods.

    “Additionally, studies from Arequipa indicate that the acidity of treated tannery wastewater from RSIP can vary, likely due to a combination of upstream dumping practices combined with specific adjustments for treatment methods, which can alter pH levels to differing extents (Figure 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Most electrocoagulation experiments obtained high removal yields in all Cr species, except for Alvarez and Vilca, who applied a graphite anode and nickel-covered metal cathode, resulting in low treatment capacity for CrT.

    “Most experiments obtained high removal yields in all Cr species, except for Alvarez and Vilca [94], who applied a graphite anode and nickel-covered metal cathode, resulting in low treatment capacity for CrT.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [94] Alvarez Samayani, D.A., and Vilca Vilca, K.H. (2021). Recuperación Electrolítica de Cromo a Partir de la Viruta Residual de Cuero Procedente de Las Curtiembres del Parque Industrial Río Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    Unlike applied sorptive technologies, these studies tended toward increased efficiency at higher pH values (R2 = 0.20 and 0.94 for Cr(VI) and CrT, respectively), suggesting a potential interaction between multiple attenuation mechanisms.

    “Unlike applied sorptive technologies, these studies tended toward increased efficiency at higher pH values (R 2 = 0.20 and 0.94 for Cr(VI) and CrT, respectively), suggesting a potential interaction between multiple attenuation mechanisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    The associated costs of transporting and applying waste-product adsorbents are currently unknown.

    “However, while the use of waste products could be economically compelling, the associated costs of transporting and the application of these materials are currently unknown.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The main technical approaches evaluated were adsorption (twenty-three studies), phytoremediation (eighteen studies), microbial bioremediation (thirteen studies), electrocoagulation (five studies), and a broader catch-all category (fifteen studies).

    “The main technical approaches evaluated were adsorption (twenty-three studies), phytoremediation (eighteen studies), microbial bioremediation (thirteen studies), electrocoagulation (five studies), and a broader catch-all category, often combining multiple attenuation mechanisms, which did not cleanly fall into those other categories (fifteen studies).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Other locally promising technologies included phytoremediation using certain microalgae and vascular plants, and bioremediation using bacteria and fungi.

    “Other locally promising technologies included phytoremediation using certain microalgae and vascular plants, and bioremediation using bacteria and fungi.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Promising results within the Arequipa-specific literature to remove Cr species through bioremediation came from the use of unspecified sulfate-reducing bacteria, the fungi Penicillium sp. and A. niger, and the combination of filamentous fungi with activated charcoal.

    “Promising results within the Arequipa-specific literature to remove Cr species through bioremediation (Table 4a,b) came from the use of unspecified sulfate-reducing bacteria [83], the fungi Penicillium sp.[90] and A. niger [88], and the combination of filamentous fungi with activated charcoal [89].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [83] Loaiza Alejandro, R.E. (2022). Biorremediación de Sulfatos, Sulfuros y Cromo en un Reactor de Biopelícula por Lotes de Secuenciación Anaeróbica (ASBBR) Empacado Con Bacterias Sulfato Reductoras. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].
    • cites [90] Solis Pareja, C. (2020). Estrategias Basadas en Producción Más Limpia y Biorremediación para Mitigar Los Impactos Ambientales Negativos Generados Por Los Efluentes Industriales de las Curtiembres del Parque Industrial de Río Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].
    • cites [88] Aymara Uscamayta, C.G. (2018). Biorremoción de Metales Ecotóxicos Mediante Cepas Fúngicas Nativas Aisladas de Efluentes Industriales en un Sistema de Biorreactores en Serie de Agitación Continua. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa]. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Based on percent removal, promising results from Arequipa for phytoremediation were achieved with I. cernua and N. aquaticum, and D. quadricauda, with further promise in other Peruvian regions using P. persica.

    “Based on percent removal, promising results from Arequipa (Table 3a,b) were achieved with I. cernua and N. aquaticum [72], and D. quadricauda [67], with further promise in other Peruvian regions that are using P. persica [158].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [72] Pineda Zapana, J.S. (2019). Evaluación del Potencial de Fitorremediación de Isolepis cernua y Nasturtium aquaticum para el Tratamiento Secundario de Efluentes de Curtiembre del Parque Industrial Rio Seco en Arequipa. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
    • cites [67] Paredes Arenazas, W.G. (2021). Determinación de la Bioabsorción de Cromo VI de Efluentes del Parque Industrial de Rio Seco (PIRS) Mediante la Microalga Desmodesmus quadricauda. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica Santa María].
    • cites [158] Flores Rodríguez, W.H. (2014). Cinética de la Biosorción de Cromo Hexavalente en Solución Acuosa Por Biomasa de Hueso de Prunus Pérsica (Durazno). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Promising Arequipa results were obtained using infiltration-type strategies in geomedia such as biosand filters (99% of CrT in 46 min), sodium bentonite filters (94% Cr(VI) in 30 min), and zeolite with perlite (CrT to BD in eight hours).

    “Promising Arequipa results were also obtained using infiltration-type strategies in geomedia such as biosand filters (99% of CrT in 46 min), sodium bentonite filters (94% Cr(VI) in 30 min), and zeolite with perlite (CrT to BD in eight hours), as listed in Table 6.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In our synthesis, Lima removed 99% of Cr using constructed wetlands in Arequipa; this is analogous but superior to the 85% removal obtained by Kong et al. in constructed wetlands in China.

    “In our synthesis, Lima [101] removed 99% of Cr using constructed wetlands in Arequipa; this is analogous but superior to the 85% removal obtained by Kong et al. [209] in constructed wetlands in China.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [101] Lima Coasaca, R. (2021). Efecto del Tiempo de Retención hidrÁulico (TRH) Sobre un Sistema de Humedales Artificiales (Flujo Subsuperficial+ Flujo Superficial) Plantados Con Scirpus americanus, Elecharis montevidensis e Hydrocotyle bonariensis para Tratamiento de Efluentes Brutos. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
    • cites [209] Kong, 2020, Removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater by artificial zeolite spheres loaded with nano Fe–Al bimetallic oxide in constructed wetland, Chemosphere source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Mass-normalized removal from Arequipa included 2.2 mg/g with sawdust and 4.3 mg/g with banana peel.

    “Mass-normalized removal from Arequipa included 2.2 mg/g with sawdust [57] and 4.3 mg/g with banana peel [141].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [57] Cárdenas, S., and Ortega, J. (2015). Modelamiento y Simulación de una Columna de Adsorción de Lecho Fijo para la Remoción de Cr (VI) de Soluciones Acuosas Utilizando Aserrín Como Adsorbente. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
    • cites [141] Pari Luque, Y.P. (2020). Biosorción del Cromo Hexavalente en Soluciones Acuosas Utilizando Biomasa de Cáscara de Plátano (Musa acuminata Colla). [Master’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    Chromium can damage aquatic ecosystems and decrease soil fertility.

    “Chromium can also damage aquatic ecosystems and decrease soil fertility where analogous oxidative and DNA damage can increase mortality in Cr-sensitive microorganisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Chromium affects plant enzyme activity and photosynthesis, causing hindered growth and reduced yields.

    “Chromium also affects plant enzyme activity and photosynthesis, causing hindered growth and reduced yields [6]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Ao, 2022, Chromium biogeochemical behaviour in soil-plant systems and remediation strategies: A critical review, J. Hazard. Mater. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Exposure to Cr(VI) in humans has been associated with allergic dermal reactions; when inhaled, it causes respiratory complications, irritation, bleeding from the nose, and potentially lung cancer.

    “Exposure to Cr(VI) in humans has been associated with allergic dermal reactions; when inhaled, it causes respiratory complications, irritation, bleeding from the nose, and potentially lung cancer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Cr(III) can be oxidized to the more toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) phase in the presence of organic matter under mildly acidic conditions.

    “It can also be oxidized to the more toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) phase in the presence of organic matter under mildly acidic conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Chromium pollution is widespread globally, with a prominence in Latin American countries.

    “Chromium pollution is widespread globally [8][9][10][11][12][13], with a prominence in Latin American countries [4,[14][15][16][17][18][19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [8] Yanuar, 2021, Analysis of biofilms as a biomonitoring agent for Cr(VI) pollution in Cokro River, Malang Regency, AIP Conf. Proc. source
    • cites [9] He, 2020, Source identification of chromium in the sediments of the Xiaoqing River and Laizhou Bay: A chromium stable isotope perspective, Environ. Pollut. source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites [10] Majnoni, 2015, Assessment of Cd, Cr and Pb Pollution in Sediment and Water of Gheshlagh River, Iran, in September 2013, Iran. J. Toxicol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Short-term human exposure to trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) causes irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract.

    “Although considered less toxic, short-term human exposure to trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) causes irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] 2010, Descripción de la nocividad del cromo proveniente de la industria curtiembre y de las posibles formas de removerlo, Rev. Ing. Univ. Medellín

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Cr(VI) ingestion can cause ulcers, weakening of the immune system, damage to the kidneys and liver, and genetic mutations.

    “Cr(VI) ingestion can cause ulcers, weakening of the immune system, damage to the kidneys and liver, and genetic mutations [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Montoya, 2010, Plomo, cromo III y cromo VI y sus efectos sobre la salud humana, Revista Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Zapana-Huarache and colleagues designed and tested the filamentous fungus P. citrinum, which removed 80% of influent Cr(VI).

    “Zapana-Huarache and colleagues [44] designed and tested the application of the filamentous fungus P. citrinum, which removed 80% of influent Cr(VI).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Gonza, 2020, Design and testing of a cost-efficient bioremediation system for tannery effluents using native chromium-resistant filamentous fungi, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Authors have used chemical precipitation of Cr(VI) worldwide in tannery wastewater, but no Arequipa-specific studies were found using this method.

    “Similarly, authors have used chemical precipitation of Cr (VI) worldwide in tannery wastewater [119,120], but no Arequipa-specific studies were found using this method.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [119] Ramakrishnaiah, 2012, Hexavalent chromium removal from industrial watsewater by chemical precipitation method, Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl.
    • cites [120] Peng, 2020, Removal of chromium from wastewater by membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology: A review, Environ. Chem. Lett. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    For local waste materials, there are further potential economic advantages with respect to material acquisition and transport.

    “For local waste materials, there are further potential economic advantages with respect to material acquisition and transport.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Achiote peels seem to be particularly efficient, with rapid removal of detectable Cr(VI) in only 5 min, while avocado seeds were used to eliminate detectable Cr(VI) in 15 min.

    “Achiote peels [50] seem to be particularly efficient, with rapid removal of detectable Cr(VI) in only 5 min, while avocado seeds [51] were used to eliminate detectable Cr(VI) in 15 min.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [50] Martinez Ocsa, S.K., and Quispe Roa, Y.M. (2020). Estudio Cinético de la Remoción de Cr+6 de Aguas Usando Cáscara de Achiote. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Privada Autónoma del Sur].
    • cites [51] Mollinedo Chávez, A.M., and Huanca Quispe, A. (2021). Adsorción de Cromo Hexavalente de Lechos Acuáticos Utilizando Biomasa de Pepa de Palta (Persea americana mill). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad María Auxiliadora].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The discharge of inadequately treated tannery wastewater by companies in RSIP has exacerbated the Cr environmental challenge and efforts to mitigate the Cr content of RSIP wastewater have been insufficient.

    “leading to the conclusion that the discharge of inadequately treated tannery wastewater by companies in RSIP has exacerbated this environmental challenge and efforts to mitigate the Cr content of RSIP wastewater have been insufficient.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Roque et al. used the native bacterium C. aquaticus to attenuate 89% of the total chromium (34.8 to 3.82 mg/L) in RSIP tannery wastewater, of which ~70% was and remained Cr(III) (24.2 to 2.66 mg/L).

    “In addition to these peer-reviewed research articles written in English, Roque et al. [46] (Spanish) used the native bacterium C. aquaticus to attenuate 89% of the total chromium (34.8 to 3.82 mg/L) in the RSIP tannery wastewater of which ~70% was and remained Cr(III) (24.2 to 2.66 mg/L).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Roque, R.F., Prado, D., and Ruiz de Somocurcio, F. (2013, January 3–5). Biodepuración de aguas residuales industriales contaminadas con cromo III y VI utilizando microflora nativa aislada y caracterizada provenientes del Parque Industrial Rio Seco (PIRS) de la ciudad de Arequipa. Proceedings of the Memoria Segundo Encuentro de Investigadores Ambientales, Arequipa, Peru.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Nature-inspired approaches, such as biofilters, infiltration strategies, and wetlands, likely operated with a synergy of biological and/or abiotic reduction, bioaccumulation, and sorption-based mechanisms.

    “In some cases, nature-inspired approaches, such as biofilters, infiltration strategies, and wetlands, likely operated with a synergy of biological and/or abiotic reduction, bioaccumulation, and sorption-based mechanisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Rendón used sodium bentonite filters to remove 94% of Cr(VI) in 30 min, while Paye and Gomez attenuated CrT to below detection in eight hours using a mixture of zeolite and perlite.

    “Similarly, Rendón [103] used sodium bentonite filters to remove 94% of Cr(VI) in 30 min, while Paye and Gomez [105] attenuated CrT to below detection in eight hours using a mixture of zeolite and perlite.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [103] Rendón Velarde, R.B. (2020). Adsorción y Desorción de Cromo (VI) en un Medio Adsorbente (Bentonita), Aplicando un Proceso Zero Waste. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
    • cites [105] Paye Masco, B.I., and Gómez Castañeda, B. (2021). Estudio Comparativo de Adsorción de Cromo de Efluente de Curtiembre del Parque Industrial Río Seco, Arequipa Mediante dos Materiales Adsorbentes Obtenidos a Partir de Precursores Naturales (Perlita Expandida y Zeolita Agrícola). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Arequipa is the largest leather-producing territory in Peru.

    “Arequipa is the largest leather-producing territory in Peru [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Chipana Tuma, G., Maldonado Adco, Y., Maita Villegas, J.C., Soto Rendom, K., and Durand Caceres, C.C. (2017). Curtiembres en Arequipa Desde el 2010 al 2017. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Other phytoremediation species performed well but took weeks or months to reach results, making them less attractive for further large-scale sustainable applications.

    “While other species performed well, they took weeks or months to reach results, making them less attractive for further large-scale sustainable applications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Zapana et al. used a pilot-scale constructed wetland system to treat RSIP's tannery wastewater, achieving ~98% removal for this industrial wastewater through bioaccumulation in macrophytes I. cernua and N. aquaticum.

    “For example, Zapana et al. [42] used a pilot-scale constructed wetland system to treat RSIP's tannery wastewater.Treatment was achieved primarily through bioaccumulation in macrophytes I. cernua and N. aquaticum, achieving ~98% removal for this industrial wastewater.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Zapana, 2020, Treatment of tannery wastewater in a pilot scale hybrid constructed wetland system in Arequipa, Peru, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Loaiza isolated and cultivated a sulfate-reducing bacterial consortium using a Cr2(SO4)3 solution followed by cultivation in a bioreactor containing RSIP tannery effluents, eliminating most detectable Cr(VI).

    “Loaiza [83] isolated and cultivated a sulfate-reducing bacterial consortium using a Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 solution followed by cultivation in a bioreactor containing RSIP tannery effluents, eliminating most detectable Cr(VI).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83] Loaiza Alejandro, R.E. (2022). Biorremediación de Sulfatos, Sulfuros y Cromo en un Reactor de Biopelícula por Lotes de Secuenciación Anaeróbica (ASBBR) Empacado Con Bacterias Sulfato Reductoras. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Many bacteria- and fungi-based studies required extended treatment times to obtain efficient results, rendering them less attractive techniques for removing Cr species from tannery wastewater.

    “While overall reduction/removal was laudable, many of these bacteria-and fungibased studies required extended treatment times to obtain efficient results, rendering them less attractive techniques for removing Cr species from tannery wastewater.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    In 2010, there were 96 tanning companies in the Arequipa Region, of which 67 were located at the Rio Seco Industrial Park (RSIP).

    “In 2010, there were 96 tanning companies in the Arequipa Region, of which 67 were located at the Rio Seco Industrial Park (RSIP), in the Cerro Colorado District (Regional Ordinance 121).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Regional Ordinance 121

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Additional studies on bacterial potential for Cr removal included C. aquaticus and Streptococcus sp., and K. oxycata, with 94% (CrT) and 92% (Cr(VI)) removal (from solution), respectively.

    “Additional studies on bacterial potential for Cr removal (Table 4a) included C. aquaticus and Streptococcus sp.[84], and K. oxycata [85], with 94% (CrT) and 92% (Cr(VI)) removal (from solution), respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [84] Prado Salinas, D.G., and Ruiz de Somocurcio Chavez Quiroz, F. (2004). Factibilidad de Biosorción de Cromo (III y VI) en Aguas Residuales Industriales-ARI’S Contaminadas Utilizando Microflora Nativa Aislada y Caracterizada en Su Hábitat Proveniente del Parque Industrial Rio Seco-PIRS. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
    • cites [85] Cáceres Silva, G.V. (2019). Aislamiento, Caracterización e Identificación del Consorcio Microbiano Con Potencial Degradativo de Cromo. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The application of the fungus A. niger by Aymara and the combination of native fungi and activated charcoal by Quina resulted in 97% CrT removal.

    “Similarly, the application of the fungus A. niger by Aymara [88] and the combination of native fungi and activated charcoal by Quina [89] resulted in 97% CrT removal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [88] Aymara Uscamayta, C.G. (2018). Biorremoción de Metales Ecotóxicos Mediante Cepas Fúngicas Nativas Aisladas de Efluentes Industriales en un Sistema de Biorreactores en Serie de Agitación Continua. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa]. source
    • cites [89] Quina Luz, B. (2019). Tratamiento de Efluentes de Curtiembres Utilizando Hongos Nativos Filamentosos y Carbón Activado para la Remoción de Cromo Total. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Achiote peels and avocado seeds represent sustainable options, where common local food waste materials could be applied in Arequipa.

    “The latter two materials represent sustainable options, where common local food waste materials could be applied in Arequipa.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Deza and Salinas eliminated 99% of Cr(VI) in 30 min using olive seed; Pacheco and Herrera and Sosa removed the majority of Cr(VI) in the same amount of time using corn crown and potatoes, respectively.

    “For example, Deza and Salinas [47] eliminated 99% of Cr(VI) in 30 min using olive seed, while Pacheco [48] and Herrera and Sosa [49] were able to remove the majority of Cr(VI) in the same amount of time using corn crown and potatoes, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [47] Deza Carrasco, F.E., and Salinas Herrera, S.C. (2022). Evaluación del Porcentaje de Remoción de CR (VI) Proveniente de Efluentes de Curtido Empleando Nanopartículas de Magnetita (Fe3O4) Sintetizadas con Extracto de Hueso de Olea Europaea. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
    • cites [48] Pacheco Portugal, J.D. (2019). Evaluación el Proceso de Biosorción de Cr (VI) Usando Residuos Agroindustriales de la Región Arequipa Cascarilla de Arroz y Chala de Maíz. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
    • cites [49] Herrera Guillén, A.F., and Sosa Pulcha, S.E. (2018). Evaluación y Comparación de la Biosorción de Cr (VI) Usando Cáscaras de Cuatro Variedades de Papa (Solanum tuberosum). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    By 2017, more than 400 tanning companies were listed and grouped into 60 associations in the Arequipa Region; nearly 100 operated at RSIP by 2023, generating over 3000 jobs.

    “However, more than 400 companies (small, medium, and large) were listed and grouped into 60 associations in 2017, of which nearly 100 operated at RSIP by 2023, generating over 3000 jobs [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] El Buho (2024, July 11). Empresarios del Cuero del Parque Industrial Denuncian Excesiva Fiscalización de OEFA, Available online: https://elbuho.pe/2023/09/empresarios-del-cuero-del-parque-industrial-denuncian-excesiva-fiscalizacion-e-incumplimiento-compromisos-del-gra/.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Rizvi et al. used desiccated biomass comprised of P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and A. chroococcum to remove Cr and other metals and highlighted 96% removal by B. subtilis.

    “Another common method not found is the use of dry (and presumably limited biological activity) microbial bacterial biomass for Cr adsorption, as achieved by Rizvi et al. [122] in India, who used desiccated biomass comprised of P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and A. chroococcum to remove Cr and other metals and highlighted 96% removal by B. subtilis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [122] Rizvi, 2020, Biosorption of heavy metals by dry biomass of metal tolerant bacterial biosorbents: An efficient metal clean-up strategy, Environ. Monit Assess. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Arequipan papaya seed (Vasconcellea pubescens) achieved 78% removal of Cr(VI) at pH 2, 25°C, with no reported time or particle size [54].

    “| Arequipan papaya seed (Vasconcellea pubescens) * | Cr(VI) | 78 | NA | 2 | 25 | NA | NA | [54] |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Córdova Pantigoso, A.M., and Medina Delgado, M.O. (2019). Biorremoción Con Semilla de Papaya Arequipeña (Vasconcellea pubescens) para Cromo Total en Efluentes de Curtiembres, Arequipa. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Sorption applications that rely on water contact are straightforward to implement and can remove a diverse array of heavy metals, even at trace concentrations.

    “Sorption applications that rely on water contact are straightforward is to implement and can be applied toward the removal of a diverse array of heavy metals, even at trace concentrations [126][127][128][129][130].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [126] Chai, 2021, A review on conventional and novel materials towards heavy metal adsorption in wastewater treatment application, J. Clean. Prod. source
    • cites [127] Habineza, 2017, Heavy metal removal from wastewaters by agricultural waste low-cost adsorbents: Hindrances of adsorption technology to the large scale industrial application—A review, Desalin. Water Treat source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites [128] Ali, 2006, Advances in water treatment by adsorption technology, Nat. Protoc. source
    • cites [129] Rashid, 2021, A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: The effectiveness of adsorption method, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. source
    • cites [130] Fu, 2011, Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review, J. Environ. Manag. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    Adsorption is a frequently applied technique in the treatment of Cr-contaminated water.

    “Adsorption is a frequently applied technique in the treatment of Cr-contaminated water.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Sancayo peel (Corryocactus brevistylus) achieved 59% removal of Cr(VI) at pH 3, 30°C, 30 min, with no reported particle size [64].

    “| Sancayo peel (Corryocactus brevistylus) * Cr(VI) | 59 | NA | 3 | 30 | 30 | NA | [64] | |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Banda Choquihuillca, A.P., and Coaguila Coaguila, J.G. (2022). Evaluación de la Capacidad de Biorremoción de Cromo Hexavalente (Cr+6) en Aguas Contaminadas Utilizando Residuos de Cáscara de Sancayo (Corryocactus brevistylus). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Privada Autónoma del Sur].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Arequipan papaya seed (Vasconcellea pubescens) achieved 80% removal of Cr(III) at pH 3, 25°C, with no reported time or particle size [54].

    “| Arequipan papaya seed (Vasconcellea pubescens) * | Cr(III) | 80 | NA | 3 | 25 | NA | NA | [54] |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Córdova Pantigoso, A.M., and Medina Delgado, M.O. (2019). Biorremoción Con Semilla de Papaya Arequipeña (Vasconcellea pubescens) para Cromo Total en Efluentes de Curtiembres, Arequipa. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This highlights a potential synergy in sorption with biological processes for live microbial cells.

    “While not directly explored, this highlights a potential synergy in sorption with biological processes for live microbial cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) achieved 55% removal of Cr(VI) at pH 'Acid', 20°C, with no reported time, particle size 450-250 μm [65].

    “| Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) | Cr(VI) | 55 | NA |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Ramirez, A. (2018). Evaluación del Proceso de Biosorción de la Inflorescencia del Chenopodium quinoa (Quinua) para la Remoción de Cromo (VI). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Electrocoagulation requires disproportionately high energy inputs, can be less efficient in highly saline or acidic waters, produces a waste sludge that necessitates dewatering and potentially hazardous disposal, and electrodes rapidly corrode.

    “However, electrocoagulation requires disproportionately high energy inputs when contrasted with other engineered treatment technologies, can be less efficient in highly saline or acidic waters, produces a waste sludge that necessitates dewatering and potentially hazardous disposal, and electrodes rapidly corrode, with a need for frequent replacement [203].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [203] Guerrero, 2019, La electrocoagulación, una alternativa para el tratamiento de aguas residuales en el departamento de Nariño, Boletín Inf. CEI

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    The bacterium P. mirabilis and the fungus S. cerevisiae were particularly promising for further exploration into treatment-relevant investigations that address long-term viability and large-scale applications.

    “Furthermore, though some microorganisms used in Arequipa to remove Cr species from tannery wastewater are not found in the international literature, the results revealed that the bacterium P. mirabilis [86] and the fungus S. cerevisiae [91] were particularly promising for further exploration into treatment-relevant investigations that address long-term viability and large-scale applications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [86] Chambi Mamani, C. (2021). Aislamiento e Identificación de Cepas Bacterianas Aisladas de Sitios Contaminados Con Efluentes de Curtiduría y Su Capacidad para Reducir CR (VI). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
    • cites [91] Fernandez Chiara, J.G., and Guzman Ponce, K.S. (2019). Bioadsorción de Cromo (VI) con Saccharomyces cerevisiae Inmovilizada, Como Residuo de la Elaboración de la Cerveza, para Su Aplicación en Biorremediación de Aguas Contaminadas de la Industria del Curtido. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Sawdust achieved 95% removal of Cr(VI) with adsorption capacity 2.2 mg/g at pH not reported, 60°C, 180 min, particle size 0.35 mm [57].

    “| Sawdust * | Cr(VI) | 95 | 2.2 | NA | 60 | 180 | 0.35 mm | [57] |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] Cárdenas, S., and Ortega, J. (2015). Modelamiento y Simulación de una Columna de Adsorción de Lecho Fijo para la Remoción de Cr (VI) de Soluciones Acuosas Utilizando Aserrín Como Adsorbente. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    I. cernua seems to be the most promising phytoremediation species and should be further explored; it is a native species from southern Peru that is novel in the field of Cr removal from tannery wastewater.

    “However, as previously discussed, the species that seems to be the most promising and should be further explored is I. cernua, a native species from southern Peru that is novel in the field of Cr removal from tannery wastewater.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Avocado seed (Persea americana) achieved below detection (BD) removal of Cr(VI) at pH 2, with no reported temperature, 15 min, particle size 75-150 μm [51].

    “| Avocado seed (Persea americana) * | Cr(VI) | BD | NA | 2 | NA | 15 | 75-150 µm | [51] |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Mollinedo Chávez, A.M., and Huanca Quispe, A. (2021). Adsorción de Cromo Hexavalente de Lechos Acuáticos Utilizando Biomasa de Pepa de Palta (Persea americana mill). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad María Auxiliadora].

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This unique place-based compilation of otherwise not visible research provides trajectories and opportunities that build on local understanding and acceptance of potential materials and technologies that could be appropriate for local solutions to this wastewater quality challenge.

    “Rather, this unique place-based compilation of otherwise not visible research provides trajectories and opportunities that build on local understanding and acceptance of potential materials and technologies that could be appropriate for local solutions to this wastewater quality challenge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Potato peel (Solanum tuberosum) achieved 86% removal of Cr(VI) at pH 2, with no reported temperature, 50 min, particle size <250 mm [61].

    “| Potato peel (Solanum tuberosum) * | Cr(VI) | 86 | NA | 2 | NA | 50 | <250 mm | [61] |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Condori Ramos, P.M., and Pumacayo Gutiérrez, M.A. (2019). Evaluación de la Remediación de Aguas Contaminadas Con Cromo Empleando una Columna de Lecho Fijo con Biomasa de Cáscara de Papa “Solanum tuberosum”. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Arequipa presents a relevant test case for assessing the applicability of these methods to local tannery wastewater conditions.

    “While these methods have been studied in various contexts, Arequipa presents a relevant test case for assessing their applicability to local tannery wastewater conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Efficient techniques explored in the region were identified and were consistent with findings elsewhere using similar materials.

    “Moreover, efficient techniques explored in the region were identified and were consistent with findings elsewhere using similar materials.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In treating Cr-contaminated tannery wastewater, adsorption eliminates Cr ions by binding them to a solid adsorbent material.

    “In the specific case of treating Cr-contaminated tannery wastewater, adsorption is used to eliminate Cr ions by binding them to a solid adsorbent material [125].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [125] Shah, M.P., Couto, S.R., and Kumar, V. (2021). Chapter 11—Removal of heavy metals from coke-plant effluents by using wetlands. New Trends in Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater, Elsevier.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Treatment with constructed wetlands with Eleocharis palustris achieved 96% removal of total chromium (CrT) with 2.5 g/kg removal, pH not reported, time not reported [106].

    “| CrT | Constructed wetlands with Eleocharis palustris | 96 | 2.5 g/kg | NA | NA | [106] |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [106] Arizábal Tejada, V.K. (2018). Implementación de Humedales Artificiales para Mejorar la Calidad de Las Aguas Residuales Pre-Tratadas de la Industria del Curtido de Cuero en el Parque Industrial Rio Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica Santa María].
79 of 79

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Spanish-language publications have received limited international visibility.

    “Special emphasis is placed on Spanish-language publications, which have received limited international visibility, creating an opportunity to increase global understanding of place-based approaches toward the treatment of Cr from tannery wastewaters and foster mechanisms for local adoption.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The socioeconomic status of southern Peru favors practical treatment strategies for the removal of Cr from tannery wastewater that rely on inexpensive and easily available materials and techniques.

    “The socioeconomic status of southern Peru favors practical treatment strategies for the removal of Cr from tannery wastewater that rely on inexpensive and easily available materials and techniques.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cr pollution from tannery wastewater is a problem in the Arequipa Region of southern Peru.

    “As Cr pollution from tannery wastewater is a problem in the Arequipa Region of southern Peru”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Arequipa has an arid climate.

    “Furthermore, Arequipa has an arid climate, which could constrain water availability.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Arequipa has high solar radiation.

    “The high solar radiation present in Arequipa lends promise toward solar distillation”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Local food waste products are locally abundant in Arequipa.

    “adsorption materials could be applied to the region because they can be derived from locally abundant food waste products or be used as feedstocks for biochar”
6 of 6

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Studies with 95% removal are described as exceeding 95%

    Minor

    The discussion includes sawdust among results described as greater than 95% removal, but Table 2 reports exactly 95% for sawdust.

  • Microbial reduction names inconsistent chromium oxidation states

    Minor

    Section 2.3 identifies the starting species as Cr(IV), while the later description of the relevant bioremediation process identifies it as Cr(VI).

  • Nanotechnology count omits a listed nanoparticle study

    Minor

    The discussion says only two Arequipa studies used nanotechnology, citing [100] and [110]. Table 2 also lists a study of metallic iron nanoparticles, [59].

  • Ion exchange is described as untested despite listed studies

    Minor

    The recommendations call ion exchange a technology not tested in the region, but Table 6 lists two ion-exchange-resin results.

  • Solar-distillation result names different chromium species

    Minor

    The discussion says the solar-distillation study reduced total chromium below detection, whereas Table 6 identifies the result as Cr(VI).

  • Magnetite result names different chromium species

    Minor

    The discussion describes Ruiz's magnetite-nanoparticle result as removal of total chromium, while Table 6 labels the cited result as Cr(VI).

6 of 6

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 121 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 77

  1. Medina, M.A. (2010). Determinación de Cromo Hexavalente en Descargas de Aguas Residuales de una Curtiembre, Ubicada en el Sector de Izamba, Mediante Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales].
  2. Chipana Tuma, G., Maldonado Adco, Y., Maita Villegas, J.C., Soto Rendom, K., and Durand Caceres, C.C. (2017). Curtiembres en Arequipa Desde el 2010 al 2017. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú].
  3. Mejía Burgos, O. (2016). Contaminación de Agua por Metales Producto de la Actividad Minera Metálica en el Río Zaña, Chiclayo-Lambayeque. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad de Lambayeque].
  4. Moran Medina, K.L. (2021). Comportamiento de la Concentración de Metales Pesados y Su Influencia en la Calidad del Agua, Parte Baja del Río Chili Arequipa 2017–2019. [Master’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  5. Luque Zurita, D.S. (2020). Determinación de la Remanencia de Contaminación por Cromo en el Río Chili, Arequipa–Perú. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín].
  6. 2017, Estudio de la contaminación por cromo (Cr) en el río Chili y Parque Industrial Río Seco (PIRS), Arequipa, Perú. 2015–2016, Veritas, 16, 43
  7. Vilca Castro, F., and Gordillo Vilca, Y.B. (2016). Retención de Metales Pesados en Suelos y su Impacto Ambiental: Caso Aguas Residuales–Parque Industrial Río Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  8. Calsin Choque, M.D. (2020). Evaluación de la Concentración de Cromo, Cadmio y Plomo en Sedimentos Superficiales en el rio Apurímac de la Provincia de Caylloma–Arequipa. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional Del Altiplano].
  9. Hossain, 2017, Chromium (Cr) Contamination of Poultry from Use of Tannery-based Cr-contaminated Feed Ingredients, Public Health Environ. Risks, 14, 19
  10. Roque, R.F., Prado, D., and Ruiz de Somocurcio, F. (2013, January 3–5). Biodepuración de aguas residuales industriales contaminadas con cromo III y VI utilizando microflora nativa aislada y caracterizada provenientes del Parque Industrial Rio Seco (PIRS) de la ciudad de Arequipa. Proceedings of the Memoria Segundo Encuentro de Investigadores Ambientales, Arequipa, Peru.
  11. Deza Carrasco, F.E., and Salinas Herrera, S.C. (2022). Evaluación del Porcentaje de Remoción de CR (VI) Proveniente de Efluentes de Curtido Empleando Nanopartículas de Magnetita (Fe3O4) Sintetizadas con Extracto de Hueso de Olea Europaea. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
  12. Pacheco Portugal, J.D. (2019). Evaluación el Proceso de Biosorción de Cr (VI) Usando Residuos Agroindustriales de la Región Arequipa Cascarilla de Arroz y Chala de Maíz. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
  13. Martinez Ocsa, S.K., and Quispe Roa, Y.M. (2020). Estudio Cinético de la Remoción de Cr+6 de Aguas Usando Cáscara de Achiote. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Privada Autónoma del Sur].
  14. Mollinedo Chávez, A.M., and Huanca Quispe, A. (2021). Adsorción de Cromo Hexavalente de Lechos Acuáticos Utilizando Biomasa de Pepa de Palta (Persea americana mill). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad María Auxiliadora].
  15. Paz Corrales, O.A. (2020). Biorremoción de Cromo Total en Los Efluentes de Curtiembres, Empleando Vainas de Arvejas Pisum sativum L. Para Obtener Agua Categoría 3D2DS 004-2017 MINAM. en Arequipa. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  16. Delgado Requena, A.F. (2021). Evaluación del Efecto del Quitosano Sobre Las Concentraciones de Cromo y Los Parámetros Fisicoquímicos en Efluentes de Curtiembre. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Tesis Universidad Católica de Santa María].
  17. Cárdenas, S., and Ortega, J. (2015). Modelamiento y Simulación de una Columna de Adsorción de Lecho Fijo para la Remoción de Cr (VI) de Soluciones Acuosas Utilizando Aserrín Como Adsorbente. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  18. Apaza Amanqui, J.A., and Toribio Villanueva, I. (2019). Alternativa de Remoción de Cromo Hexavalente de Soluciones Acuosas Usando Epicarpio de Café. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Privada Autónoma del Sur].
  19. Cañazaca Davila, C.M., and Ccama Larico, W.E.Y. (2017). Biosíntesis de Nanopartículas de Hierro Cero Valente (nzvi) Usando Hojas de Eucalipto (Eucalyptus sp.) Para la Remoción de Cromo Hexavalente. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].
  20. Cabrera Navinta, G.M., and Calderon Llanqui, K. (2019). Evaluación de la Remoción de Cromo (VI) Con Biomasa Modificada de Residuos de Trigo (Triticum aestivum) en Aguas Residuales Provenientes de Las Zonas del Parque Industrial del Rio Seco y Uchumayo. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  21. Condori Ramos, P.M., and Pumacayo Gutiérrez, M.A. (2019). Evaluación de la Remediación de Aguas Contaminadas Con Cromo Empleando una Columna de Lecho Fijo con Biomasa de Cáscara de Papa “Solanum tuberosum”. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
  22. Aguaro Quispe, J.G., and Onofre Huaracha, E.E. (2018). Investigación para Controlar en las Aguas Residuales Industriales la Contaminación Con Cromo, Usando Cascara de Huevo Calcinado, en Soluciones Sintéticas y Posterior Aplicación a las Aguas Contaminadas Reales. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].
  23. Banda Choquihuillca, A.P., and Coaguila Coaguila, J.G. (2022). Evaluación de la Capacidad de Biorremoción de Cromo Hexavalente (Cr+6) en Aguas Contaminadas Utilizando Residuos de Cáscara de Sancayo (Corryocactus brevistylus). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Privada Autónoma del Sur].
  24. Ramirez, A. (2018). Evaluación del Proceso de Biosorción de la Inflorescencia del Chenopodium quinoa (Quinua) para la Remoción de Cromo (VI). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  25. Manrique Pino, P.L. (2014). Optimización de la Producción de Carbón Activado a Partir de Cascarilla de Arroz y Su Uso en la Adsorción de Cromo (VI). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
  26. Paredes Arenazas, W.G. (2021). Determinación de la Bioabsorción de Cromo VI de Efluentes del Parque Industrial de Rio Seco (PIRS) Mediante la Microalga Desmodesmus quadricauda. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica Santa María].
  27. Sumalave Cutire, C.L. (2022). Biosorción de Cromo de Efluentes de la Industria Textil Mediante el Uso de Microalgas en la Ciudad de Arequipa. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Cesar Vallejo].
  28. Pineda Zapana, J.S. (2019). Evaluación del Potencial de Fitorremediación de Isolepis cernua y Nasturtium aquaticum para el Tratamiento Secundario de Efluentes de Curtiembre del Parque Industrial Rio Seco en Arequipa. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  29. Alarcón Lipa, A.X. (2021). Análisis de la Capacidad Fitorremediadora de la Hortensia (Hydrangea macrophylla) en Suelo Con Cromo Total del PIRS, UNSA Press.
  30. Masco Miró, P.R., and Ugarte Huamani, J.A. (2022). Implementación de Humedales de Flujo Superficial para el Tratamiento Secundario por Biorremediación Con Eichhornia Crassipes y Microorganismos Eficaces (EM) de Aguas Residuales de Curtiembre, UNSA Press.
  31. Cruzatt Dueñas, A., and Carmona Quelopana, F.D. (2023). Eficiencia del Sistema Mixto por Fitorremediación y Biorremediación para el Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de las Curtiembres de Río Seco-Arequipa, UNSA Press.
  32. Araoz Zegarra, J.M. (2021). Bioacumulación de Metales Pesados Cromo (Cr), Cadmio (Cd) y Plomo (Pb) en la Planta de Higos (Ficus carica) en el Distrito de Uchumayo, Arequipa, UNSA Press.
  33. Huillca Mayta, D.A. (2024, October 03). Evaluación de la Capacidad Fitorremediadora de Cromo a Diferentes Concentraciones por Eleocharis montevidensis, Empleando Sistemas de Humedales Artificiales. Available online: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12692/74810.
  34. Flores Cornejo, J.M. (2018). Propuesta de Simulación de Remoción Parcial de Cromo en Suelos Contaminados Utilizando Como Fitorremediador el Tagete SP Marigold. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].
  35. Loaiza Alejandro, R.E. (2022). Biorremediación de Sulfatos, Sulfuros y Cromo en un Reactor de Biopelícula por Lotes de Secuenciación Anaeróbica (ASBBR) Empacado Con Bacterias Sulfato Reductoras. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].
  36. Prado Salinas, D.G., and Ruiz de Somocurcio Chavez Quiroz, F. (2004). Factibilidad de Biosorción de Cromo (III y VI) en Aguas Residuales Industriales-ARI’S Contaminadas Utilizando Microflora Nativa Aislada y Caracterizada en Su Hábitat Proveniente del Parque Industrial Rio Seco-PIRS. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
  37. Cáceres Silva, G.V. (2019). Aislamiento, Caracterización e Identificación del Consorcio Microbiano Con Potencial Degradativo de Cromo. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
  38. Chambi Mamani, C. (2021). Aislamiento e Identificación de Cepas Bacterianas Aisladas de Sitios Contaminados Con Efluentes de Curtiduría y Su Capacidad para Reducir CR (VI). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  39. Choi Cuenca, Y.E. (2021). Biorremoción de Material Particulado Mediante Bacterias en un Biofiltro Cerrado en el Acabado del Curtido de Pieles del Parque Industrial de Río Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].
  40. Solis Pareja, C. (2020). Estrategias Basadas en Producción Más Limpia y Biorremediación para Mitigar Los Impactos Ambientales Negativos Generados Por Los Efluentes Industriales de las Curtiembres del Parque Industrial de Río Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].
  41. Fernandez Chiara, J.G., and Guzman Ponce, K.S. (2019). Bioadsorción de Cromo (VI) con Saccharomyces cerevisiae Inmovilizada, Como Residuo de la Elaboración de la Cerveza, para Su Aplicación en Biorremediación de Aguas Contaminadas de la Industria del Curtido. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
  42. Calla Mayhua, Y. (2022). Evaluación de la Tolerancia de Cromo VI y Colorantes Sintéticos a Escala de Laboratorio Mediante Cepas Fúngicas Aisladas en las Curtiembres del Parque Industrial de Río Seco (PIRS). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].
  43. Zapana Huarache, S.V. (2018). Biorremediación de Efluentes de Curtiembres Mediante Hongos Aislados del Parque Industrial de Rio Seco (PIRS), en Condiciones de Biorreactor Tipo AIRLIFT. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa].
  44. Alvarez Samayani, D.A., and Vilca Vilca, K.H. (2021). Recuperación Electrolítica de Cromo a Partir de la Viruta Residual de Cuero Procedente de Las Curtiembres del Parque Industrial Río Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  45. Laura Benavides, S.L., and Salinas Rondon, J.O. (2020). Eficiencia en la Remoción del Contenido de Cromo III por Electrocoagulación en Las Aguas Residuales de Curtiembre del Parque Industrial de Río Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  46. Challco Hihui, A.V. (2022). Electrocoagulación Acoplada a un Sistema de Microfiltración Membrana/Adsorbente en el Tratamiento de Efluentes Residuales Provenientes del Curtido de Pieles en Una Industria de Curtido del Parque Industrial Río Seco. [Master’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  47. Juarez Calderon, C.A., and Osorio Casquina, G.V. (2019). Determinación de los Parámetros Electroquímicos Óptimos para la Remoción de Cromo (III) y DQO en Aguas de Curtido a Traves del Proceso de Electrocoagulación en un Reactor de Recirculación. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  48. Aguilar Ruelas, B., and Soto Miranda, A.E. (2021). Eficiencia y Rentabilidad de la Aplicación del Tratamiento por Electrocoagulación para la Reducción del Cromo Hexavalente en Las Aguas Residuales de Curtiembre. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Cesar Vallejo].
  49. Anahua Apaza, Z.J., and Pacheco Gonzáles, W.Y. (2021). Sistema de Destilación Por Concentración Solar para la Remoción del Cr+6 de Los Efluentes de Curtiembres en Arequipa, Río Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Cesar Vallejo].
  50. Lima Coasaca, R. (2021). Efecto del Tiempo de Retención hidrÁulico (TRH) Sobre un Sistema de Humedales Artificiales (Flujo Subsuperficial+ Flujo Superficial) Plantados Con Scirpus americanus, Elecharis montevidensis e Hydrocotyle bonariensis para Tratamiento de Efluentes Brutos. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  51. Leguía, J., and Puma, P. (2016). Diseño de Filtros de Bioarena para Remover Metales Pesados (As, Cd, Cr, Pb y Fe) en Aguas de Uso Doméstico. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín].
  52. Paye Masco, B.I., and Gómez Castañeda, B. (2021). Estudio Comparativo de Adsorción de Cromo de Efluente de Curtiembre del Parque Industrial Río Seco, Arequipa Mediante dos Materiales Adsorbentes Obtenidos a Partir de Precursores Naturales (Perlita Expandida y Zeolita Agrícola). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa].
  53. Arizábal Tejada, V.K. (2018). Implementación de Humedales Artificiales para Mejorar la Calidad de Las Aguas Residuales Pre-Tratadas de la Industria del Curtido de Cuero en el Parque Industrial Rio Seco. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica Santa María].
  54. Rojas Tamata, K. (2016). Remoción de arsénico (V) y Cromo (VI) Presente en Lechos Acuáticos Mediante el Uso de Tierra de Diatomeas Recubierta con Sales de Hierro. [Master’s Thesis, Universidad Católica Santa María].
  55. Monroy Piérola, C.R. (2018). Niveles de Metales Pesados Cromo, Arsénico, Plomo y Mercurio en Cefalotorax de Cryphiops caementarius (Camarón) en Los Ríos Ocoña, Majes y Tambo. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Católica Santa María].
  56. Ojeda Castro, C.C. (2023). Adsorción de Cromo (VI) en Efluente Simulado de Curtiembre Con Resina de Intercambio Iónico para la Reducción de Riesgo quíMico. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú].
  57. Tejada Dongo, P. (2017). Síntesis Por Método Anternativo “Verde” de Nanopartículas de Cu a Traves de Extracto Acuoso de Subproductos Industriales de Vitis vinifera L.(Uva) y Su Inmovilización en Memebranas de PVC y Determinacipon de Su Capacidad para la Adsorción de Cr (VI). [Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad Católica de Santa María].
  58. Ramakrishnaiah, 2012, Hexavalent chromium removal from industrial watsewater by chemical precipitation method, Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl., 2, 599
  59. Portada Mamani, A. (2016). Tratamiento de las Aguas Residuales del Proceso de Curtido en Pieles Por Procesos Físico-Químico de la Curtiembre de la Facultad de Ingeniería Química de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano].
  60. Shah, M.P., Couto, S.R., and Kumar, V. (2021). Chapter 11—Removal of heavy metals from coke-plant effluents by using wetlands. New Trends in Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater, Elsevier.
  61. Anah, 2017, Influence of pH on Cr(VI) ions removal from aqueous solutions using carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogel as adsorbent: IOP conference series, Earth Environ. Sci., 60, 12010
  62. Fernández Paquillo, K.R., and Tambohuacso Javier, M.C. (2024, March 03). Diseño Preliminar de un Proceso para la Remoción de Cromo (iii) de Efluentes de Curtiembres, Por Adsorción en Ceniza de Leña en la Ciudad de Sicuani. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12918/2719.
  63. Paredes Quispe, M.M., and Valle Alvarado, M.W. (2020). Evaluación de la Capacidad de Adsorción de la Cáscara de Limón (Citrus limón (L.) Burm. F.) para la Remoción de Cromo (VI) de Aguas Residuales de la Empresa “Textilera–Hualhuas”. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú].
  64. 2020, Utilidad de la Cáscara de Aguacate (Persea americana) para La Eliminación De Cromo (Vi) De Aguas Contaminadas. Laboratorio de Micología Experimental. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Transversalidad Científica Y Tecnológica Mex., 4, 1
  65. Pari Luque, Y.P. (2020). Biosorción del Cromo Hexavalente en Soluciones Acuosas Utilizando Biomasa de Cáscara de Plátano (Musa acuminata Colla). [Master’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano].
  66. Payel, S., and Sarker, M. (2018, January 9–11). Banana rachis charcoal to remove chromium from tannery wastewater. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development, KUET, Khulna, Bangladesh.
  67. Vejarano, 2019, Passion-fruit shell biomass as adsorbent material to remove chromium III from contaminated aqueous mediums: IOP conference series, Mater. Sci. Eng., 620, 12110
  68. Ahmad, 2022, Advances in microbial and fungal remediation of heavy metals: Strategies for environmental sustainability, J. Environ. Manag., 312, 114689
  69. Kumar, 2023, Optimization and challenges in microbial remediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites: A review, Chemosphere, 311, 137058
  70. Hassan, 2022, Bioremediation of chromium-contaminated wastewater using bacteria and fungi: A critical review, Environ. Technol. Innov., 28, 102474
  71. Wang, 2021, Current trends and future prospects in bioremediation of chromium-contaminated environments, J. Hazard. Mater., 402, 123456
  72. Singh, 2020, Influence of wastewater composition on microbial activity and variability in bioremediation processes, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 104, 3873
  73. Awasthi, 2022, Microbial bioremediation of industrial effluents: Recent advancements and future perspectives, Environ. Res., 207, 112029
  74. Gomez Delgado, N.M., and Sánchez Cuesta, T.C. (2020). Revisión de Eficiencia de Hongos Ligninolíticos en la Biodegradación y Adsorción de Los Metales Pesados en Aguas Residuales Textiles. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Peruana Unión].
  75. Perales Vílchez, J.C. (2019). Influencia del Proceso de Electrocoagulación en la Remoción de Cromo Hexavalente (Cr+6) en Soluciones Acuosas a Nivel de Laboratorio en la Universidad Continental. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Continental].
  76. Mendocilla Murillos, C.E. (2018). Influencia del pH y el Tiempo en la Remoción de Cromo Hexavalente Presente en Soluciones Acuosas Utilizando la Electrocoagulación. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Cesar Vallejo].
  77. Quispe Huanca, O. (2017). Recuperación Electrolítica de Cromo (III) de Efluentes de Curtido de Pieles de Animales. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano].

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Morales-Paredes, L. F., Garcia-Chevesich, P. A., Romero-Mariscal, G., Arenazas-Rodriguez, A., Ticona-Quea, J., Tejada-Purizaca, T. R., Vanzin, G., & Sharp, J. O.
Affiliations
  • Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa (PE)
  • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
  • Departamento Académico de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
  • Colorado School of Mines (US)
ORCID
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-02-01
Volume
17
Issue
3
Pages
1183
ISSN
2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/su17031183
OpenAlex
W4407108478
Semantic Scholar
b71b989a999c76ed4567c42b54c2f1df2e9788f9
Cited by
8
References
121
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6
FWCI
2.97
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Center for Mining Sustainability
  • Colorado School of Mines (USA)
  • National University of San Agustin (Peru)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chromium effects and bioremediation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
Keywords
chromium removal, tannery wastewater, heavy metal contamination, adsorption, phytoremediation, bioremediation, electrocoagulation, biochar, avocado seed, microalgae, indigenous bacteria, constructed wetlands, solar distillation, Arequipa

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review